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==Page 72==
72.32 '''Was tust du für die Front, für den Sieg? Was has du heute für Deutschland getan?'''<br>
What are you doing for the front, for the victory? What have you done for Germany today?<br>
Also see [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/gravitys-rainbow/extra/german.html ThomasPynchon.com] for lots of ''GR'' translations.

Compare this with Roger and Jessica's not-quite-secession from the Home Front (41.20-27).

==Page 73==
73.04 '''ancient Abbey...  its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII'''<br>
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members.  He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539).  Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income.  The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.08 '''Palladian house'''<br />
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
74.15 '''rust bouclé'''<br>
Bouclé is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls.  To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle] Radio speaker grille cloths at the time were often bouclé weaves.

74.21 '''Dawes-era flashes'''<br>
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany.  When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

74.26 '''SHAEF'''<br>
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II.  U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence.  The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

74.30 '''"strategy of truth"'''<br>
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda.  However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

74.33 '''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa'''<br>
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land.  Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms.  In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders.  The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule.  The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa.  Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began.  Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
75.09 '''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast'''<br>
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC.  In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin.  Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

75.10 '''American PWD'''<br>
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day.  It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"'''<br>
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market' 

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"'''<br>
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch'''<br>
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig.  See note at [[Pages 537-548#Page 545|545.04-05]]

75.31 '''before the purge trials'''<br>
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938.  It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions.  In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

75.40 '''P.W.E.'''<br>
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
76.06 '''''dégagé'''''<br>
Detached, disengaged, unconcerned

76.13 '''Polygon Wood'''<br>
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I.  The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area.  However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

76.32 '''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House'''<br>
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II.  Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries.  It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper.  In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department.  The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

76.34 '''OSS'''<br>
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II.  It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).  The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI'''<br>
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services.  It operated from June 1942 until September 1945.  It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work.  The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
77.08 '''Chain of Being'''<br>
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.'''<br>
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I.  Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war.  Unit casualty rates were often extremely high.  70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

77.20 '''Flanders'''<br>
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders.  At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.  The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

77.21 '''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics'''''<br>
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common usage error.  Should be ''titled''.  A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

77.22 '''Bereshith, as it were...'''<br>
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible).  It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of".  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

77.23 '''Ramsay MacDonald'''<br>
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

77.35-36 '''Couéists'''<br>
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians'''<br>
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites'''<br>
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet.  He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots'''<br>
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills.  Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today.  He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
78.05 '''Subalterns'''<br>
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer.  Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant.  In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

78.11 '''pearlies'''<br>
British slang for "teeth", a shortened form of "pearly whites". The Oxford English Dictionary cites this very passage as one of its examples of the word.

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith'''<br>
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

78.25 '''bedlamites'''<br>
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.  Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses.  It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam...  The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name.  Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

78.39 '''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...'''<br>
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli.  Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain.  He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance.  He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."  Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders.  Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior.<br>
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses.<br>
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail'''<br />
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi'''<br />
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

79.25 '''"The Weekly Briefings"'''<br>
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

79.31-32 '''Haig'''<br>
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I.  He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War.  He was commander during the Battle of the Somme (which brought some of the highest casualties in British military history), the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

Haig was vehemently denounced -- perhaps too facilely -- in the generation after WWI. Even among his defenders, though, "the richness of his wit" was rarely mentioned.

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight'''<br>
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England...  A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

More likely Pynchon was referring to Lt. Siegfried Sassoon CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967), a decorated war hero who famously refused to return to combat in 1917 and became one of Britain's best known pacifists and poets.  This Sassoon was ordered to undergo mental health treatment by British military authorities who could not understand his change in attitude towards the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon]

79.41 '''Passchendaele horror'''<br>
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917.  In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army.  The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium.  The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'.  Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport.  The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
80.02 '''cucurbitaceous improbabilities'''<br>
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons).  The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

80.11 '''Toad-in-the-Hole'''<br>
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy.  The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed.  Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

80.12 '''''rissolé'''''<br>
A rissolé is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried.  It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

80.13 '''samphire'''<br>
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas.  It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"'''<br>
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918.  ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxfeMkzvNQU Video]

80.24 '''Electra House'''<br>
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

80.37 '''V-E Day'''<br>
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich.  The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945.  On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz.  The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government.  The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

80.40 '''into a phalanx'''<br>
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma'''<br>
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus:<br>
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization'''<br>
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions.<BR> See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25  Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit'''<br />
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

81.22 '''MMPI'''<br>
See 21.03

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot'''<br>
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Throwster'''<br>
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk.  The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.26 '''It is a classic "folly"'''<br>
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs.  In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

82.27 '''The buttery'''<br>
A buttery was a domestic room in a large medieval house.  Along with the pantry, it was generally part of the offices pertaining to the kitchen.  Reached from the screens passage at the low end of the Great Hall the buttery was traditionally the place from which the yeoman of the buttery served beer from the wooden butts standing by to those lower members of the household not entitled to drink wine.  Candles were also dispensed from the buttery.  Even today in Oxford and Cambridge colleges drinks are served from the buttery bar.  The buttery generally had a staircase to the beer cellar below.  The wine cellars, however, belonged to a different department, that of the yeoman of the cellar and in keeping with the higher value of their contents were often more richly decorated to reflect the higher status of their contents.  From the mid-17th century, as it became the custom for servants and their offices to be less conspicuous and sited far from the principal reception rooms, the Great Hall and its neighbouring buttery and pantry lost their original uses.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttery_(room)]

82.31 '''Gloucestershire Old Spots'''<br>
The Gloucestershire Old Spots is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots.  It is named after the county of Gloucestershire.  The Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is known for its docility, intelligence, and prolificacy.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Old_Spots]

82.32 '''buckram books'''<br>
Buckram is a stiff cloth, made of cotton, and still occasionally linen, which is used to cover and protect books.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...'''<br>
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey]

82.37 '''Salome with the head of John'''<br>
Salome, the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given).  Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's ''Jewish Antiquities'', gives her name and some detail about her family relations...  Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the ''dance of the seven veils''), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome]

82.39 '''tessellated'''<br>
A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps.  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation]

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