Thomas Pynchon Wiki - User contributions [en]

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T23:57:36Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 101 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A Diety to the Herero peoples. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

'''mandala''' 
Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". In the Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions their sacred art often takes a mandala form. The basic form of most Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point. Each gate is in the shape of a T. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala]

==Page 101==
'''swastika''' 
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote good luck. It is composed of ''su-'' meaning "good, well" and ''asti'' "to be" ''svasti'' thus means "well-being." The suffix ''-ka'' either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and ''svastika'' might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika]

101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces''''' 
Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

'''the Underground''' 
See page [[Pages 92-113#Page 96|96]].

'''''Erwartung''''' 
Anticipation

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T23:52:47Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 101 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A Diety to the Herero peoples. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

'''mandala''' 
Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". In the Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions their sacred art often takes a mandala form. The basic form of most Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point. Each gate is in the shape of a T. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala]

==Page 101==
'''swastika''' 
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote good luck. It is composed of ''su-'' meaning "good, well" and ''asti'' "to be" ''svasti'' thus means "well-being." The suffix ''-ka'' either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and ''svastika'' might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika]

101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces''''' 
Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

'''the Underground''' 
See page [[Pages 92-113#Page 96|96]].

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T23:49:58Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 101 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A Diety to the Herero peoples. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

'''mandala''' 
Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". In the Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions their sacred art often takes a mandala form. The basic form of most Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point. Each gate is in the shape of a T. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala]

==Page 101==
'''swastika''' 
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote good luck. It is composed of ''su-'' meaning "good, well" and ''asti'' "to be" ''svasti'' thus means "well-being." The suffix ''-ka'' either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and ''svastika'' might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika]

101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces''''' 
Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T23:18:37Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 100 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A Diety to the Herero peoples. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

'''mandala''' 
Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". In the Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions their sacred art often takes a mandala form. The basic form of most Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point. Each gate is in the shape of a T. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala]

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T23:15:46Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 100 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A Diety to the Herero peoples. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T23:13:40Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 100 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A Diety to the Herero peoples. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T22:52:14Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 99 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A Diety to the Herero peoples. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T22:10:49Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 99 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T21:54:54Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 99 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T21:53:32Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 98 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2011-10-04T21:40:14Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 98 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
Witch chastisement

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

==Page 101==
101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces'''''

Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

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==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''their eyes, which glisten with frost or flakes of mica''' 
Cf. page [[Pages 37-42#Page 38|38]].

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 90==
'''MMPI''' 
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Cf. page [[Pages 72-83#Page 81|81]].

'''F Scale''' 
The F-scale is a 1947 personality test, designed by Theodor W. Adorno and others to measure the authoritarian personality. The "F" stands for "fascist." The F-scale measures responses on several different components of authoritarianism, including conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, anti-intraception, superstition and stereotype, power and "toughness," destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and sex. The F-scale is meant to identify how racism develops in people. Scores on the F Scale can be used to generate inferences about other extratest characteristics and behaviors. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)]

'''the three phases''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

==Page 91==
'''moiré''' 
In physics, a moiré pattern is an interference pattern created, for example, when two grids are overlaid at an angle, or when they have slightly different mesh sizes. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moire]

'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

'''King Tigers''' 
Tiger II is the common name of a German heavy tank of the Second World War. The final official German designation was ''Panzerkampfwagen'' Tiger ''Ausf. B'', often shortened to Tiger B. The ordnance inventory designation was ''Sd.Kfz''. 182. It is also known under the informal name ''Königstiger'' (the German name for the "Bengal tiger"), often translated as King Tiger or Royal Tiger by Allied soldiers. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Tiger]

'''Zouave''' 
Zouave was the title given to certain light infantry regiments in the French Army, normally serving in French North Africa between 1831 and 1962. The name was also adopted during the 19th century by units in other armies, especially volunteer regiments raised for service in the American Civil War. The chief distinguishing characteristics of such units were the zouave uniform, which included short open-fronted jackets, baggy trousers and often sashes and oriental headgear. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouave]

{{GR PbP}}

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==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''their eyes, which glisten with frost or flakes of mica''' 
Cf. page [[Pages 37-42#Page 38|38]].

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 90==
'''MMPI''' 
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Cf. page [[Pages 72-83#Page 81|81]].

'''F Scale''' 
The F-scale is a 1947 personality test, designed by Theodor W. Adorno and others to measure the authoritarian personality. The "F" stands for "fascist." The F-scale measures responses on several different components of authoritarianism, including conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, anti-intraception, superstition and stereotype, power and "toughness," destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and sex. The F-scale is meant to identify how racism develops in people. Scores on the F Scale can be used to generate inferences about other extratest characteristics and behaviors. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)]

'''the three phases''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 83-92

2011-10-04T19:13:39Z

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{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''their eyes, which glisten with frost or flakes of mica''' 
Cf. page [[Pages 37-42#Page 38|38]].

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 90==
'''MMPI''' 
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Cf. page [[Pages 72-83#Page 81|81]].

'''F Scale''' 
The F-scale is a 1947 personality test, designed by Theodor W. Adorno and others to measure the authoritarian personality. The "F" stands for "fascist." The F-scale measures responses on several different components of authoritarianism, including conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, anti-intraception, superstition and stereotype, power and "toughness," destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and sex. The F-scale is meant to identify how racism develops in people. Scores on the F Scale can be used to generate inferences about other extratest characteristics and behaviors. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)]

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 83-92

2011-10-04T19:07:54Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 88 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''their eyes, which glisten with frost or flakes of mica''' 
Cf. page [[Pages 37-42#Page 38|38]].

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 90==
'''MMPI''' 
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Cf. page [[Pages 72-83#Page 81|81]].

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 83-92

2011-10-04T19:04:57Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 90 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 90==
'''MMPI''' 
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Cf. page [[Pages 72-83#Page 81|81]].

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 83-92

2011-10-04T19:04:38Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 90 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 90==
'''MMPI''' 
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Cf. page [[[Pages 72-83#Page 81|81]].

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

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==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

'''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history, the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

'''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
'''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

'''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

'''''rissole''''' 
A rissole is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

'''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

'''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

'''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

'''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

'''MMPI''' 
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is one of the most frequently used personality tests in mental health. The test is used by trained professionals to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory]

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

'''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''The buttery''' 
A buttery was a domestic room in a large medieval house. Along with the pantry, it was generally part of the offices pertaining to the kitchen. Reached from the screens passage at the low end of the Great Hall the buttery was traditionally the place from which the yeoman of the buttery served beer from the wooden butts standing by to those lower members of the household not entitled to drink wine. Candles were also dispensed from the buttery. Even today in Oxford and Cambridge colleges drinks are served from the buttery bar. The buttery generally had a staircase to the beer cellar below. The wine cellars, however, belonged to a different department, that of the yeoman of the cellar and in keeping with the higher value of their contents were often more richly decorated to reflect the higher status of their contents. From the mid-17th century, as it became the custom for servants and their offices to be less conspicuous and sited far from the principal reception rooms, the Great Hall and its neighbouring buttery and pantry lost their original uses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttery_(room)]

'''Gloucestershire Old Spots''' 
The Gloucestershire Old Spots is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots. It is named after the county of Gloucestershire. The Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is known for its docility, intelligence, and prolificacy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Old_Spots]

'''buckram books''' 
Buckram is a stiff cloth, made of cotton, and still occasionally linen, which is used to cover and protect books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey]

'''Salome with the head of John''' 
Salome, the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given). Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's ''Jewish Antiquities'', gives her name and some detail about her family relations... Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the ''dance of the seven veils''), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome]

'''tessellated''' 
A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation]

{{GR PbP}}

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==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 90==
'''MMPI''' 
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Cf. page

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 83-92

2011-10-04T18:43:08Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 91 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 89==
'''P.R.S.''' 
The Philosophical Research Society (P.R.S.) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1934, by the prolific author and scholar Manly Palmer Hall, which provides learning and development of a philosophy of life which embraces conciliation of religion and science and higher understandings of life itself. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Research_Society]

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 83-92

2011-10-04T18:38:28Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 88 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 83==
'''Topiary trees line the drive''' 
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants, by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, perhaps geometric or fanciful; and the term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. It can be an art and is a form of living sculpture. The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener, ''topiarius'', creator of topia or "places", a Greek word that Romans applied also to fictive indoor landscapes executed in fresco. No doubt the use of a Greek word betokens the art's origins in the Hellenistic world that was influenced by Persia, for neither Classical Greece nor Republican Rome developed any sophisticated tradition of artful pleasure grounds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiary]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''83.34-37 meddling with another man's mind...Harvard University''' 
During WWII [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Murray Dr Henry A. Murray], then assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, joined the OSS in Europe and assisted James Miller in developing psychological profiles of prospective special agents -- so called stress tests. He also analyzed Hitler for the Allies, predicting that if Germany lost the war, Hitler would commit suicide; that Hitler was impotent as far as heterosexual relations were concerned; and that Hitler had possibly participated in a homosexual relationship -- all suggestive of Blicero.

After 1947 and the Cold War it seemed every self-respecting psychologist was doing side jobs for the CIA in "persuasion technologies" including LSD, various other drugs, sleep deprivation, isolation tanks, hypnosis, etc. even, allegedly, unto the death of the "patient". Perhaps best well known was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MK Ultra]under the direction of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb Dr. Sidney Gottlieb].

Murray himself returned to Harvard where he continued his meddling with the minds of others. One of the minds he meddled with from 1958 to 1962 belonged to Theodore Kaczynski. Alston Chase's book ''Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist'' tells of the psychological experiments which Kaczynski is reported to have undergone at Harvard, under the direction of Murray. Chase connects these experiences in a controversial thesis to Kaczynski's later career as the Unabomber. As is generally well known in Pynchon circles, TRP himself was suspected of being the Unabomber.

And then of course there was the Leary-Alpert led [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project Harvard Psilocybin Project] between 1960 and 1962 ...

==Page 84==
'''Watson and Rayner... "Infant Albert"''' 
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study was also an example of stimulus generalization. It was conducted in 1920 by John B. Watson along with his assistant Rosalie Rayner. The study was done at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson, after observing children in the field, was interested in finding support for his notion that the reaction of children, whenever they heard loud noises, was prompted by fear. Furthermore, he reasoned that this fear was innate or due to an unconditioned response. He felt that following the principles of classical conditioning, he could condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which normally would not be feared by a child. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment]

'''Darmstadt''' 
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine Main Area. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt]

'''Kekulé's own famous switch into chemistry from architecture''' 
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz a.k.a. August Kekulé (7 September 1829–13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. From the 1850s until his death, Kekule was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz]

'''Larson-Keeler three-variable "lie detector"''' 
A device recording both blood pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1921 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph]

==Page 85==
'''85.25 Edwin Treacle''' 
Although derived from a word meaning an antidote to poison, "treacle" is the British term for molasses and is often used to describe something excessively sweet and sticky.

'''85.37 Poisson Distribution/Equation'''

See entry on page [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_53-60 54]

==Page 86==
'''86.40 Flanders''' 
Northern region of Belgium bordering the North Sea. At least 60 miles from the English coast.

==Page 87==
'''ultraparadoxical phase''' 
See page [[Pages 72-83#Page 78|78]].

'''B-17s''' 
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the then-United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Competing against Douglas and Martin for a contract to build 200 bombers, the Boeing entry outperformed both competitors and more than met the Air Corps' expectations. Although Boeing lost the contract because the prototype crashed, the Air Corps was so impressed with Boeing's design that they ordered 13 more B-17s for further evaluation. From its introduction in 1938, the B-17 Flying Fortress evolved through numerous design advances. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17]

'''nacelle''' 
The nacelle is a cover housing (separate from the fuselage) that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. In some cases—the most notable one being the World War II-era P-38 Lightning airplane—an aircraft's cockpit may also be housed in a nacelle. The covering is typically aerodynamically shaped. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle]

'''perspex nose''' 
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories, and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names including Lucite and Perspex. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)]

'''Battle of Britain''' 
See page [[Pages 37-42#Page 40|40]].

==Page 88==
'''Dr. Horsley Gantt''' 
A former student and colleague of Pavlov.

'''88.10 the submontane Venus''' 
That is, the goddess of the Tannhauser legend and opera.

Venus is also the goddess of love, of course.

'''Harley Street''' 
Harley Street is a street in the City of Westminster in London, England which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street]

'''Ariadne''' 
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne]

'''Pierre Janet''' 
Pierre Marie Félix Janet (30 May 1859 - 24 February 1947) was a pioneering French psychologist, philosopher and psychotherapist in the field of dissociation and traumatic memory. He was one of the first people to draw a connection between events in the subject's past life and his or her present day trauma, and coined the words ‘dissociation’ and ‘subconscious’. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janet]

'''88.34 yang-yin rubbish''' 
Note that Pointsman here rejects the concept only to become entranced by it later.

==Page 91==
'''91.27 Dr. Bleagh''' 
An expression of disgust. (Try saying it!)

{{GR PbP}}

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==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

'''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history, the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

'''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
'''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

'''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

'''''rissole''''' 
A rissole is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

'''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

'''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

'''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

'''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

'''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''The buttery''' 
A buttery was a domestic room in a large medieval house. Along with the pantry, it was generally part of the offices pertaining to the kitchen. Reached from the screens passage at the low end of the Great Hall the buttery was traditionally the place from which the yeoman of the buttery served beer from the wooden butts standing by to those lower members of the household not entitled to drink wine. Candles were also dispensed from the buttery. Even today in Oxford and Cambridge colleges drinks are served from the buttery bar. The buttery generally had a staircase to the beer cellar below. The wine cellars, however, belonged to a different department, that of the yeoman of the cellar and in keeping with the higher value of their contents were often more richly decorated to reflect the higher status of their contents. From the mid-17th century, as it became the custom for servants and their offices to be less conspicuous and sited far from the principal reception rooms, the Great Hall and its neighbouring buttery and pantry lost their original uses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttery_(room)]

'''Gloucestershire Old Spots''' 
The Gloucestershire Old Spots is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots. It is named after the county of Gloucestershire. The Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is known for its docility, intelligence, and prolificacy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Old_Spots]

'''buckram books''' 
Buckram is a stiff cloth, made of cotton, and still occasionally linen, which is used to cover and protect books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey]

'''Salome with the head of John''' 
Salome, the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given). Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's ''Jewish Antiquities'', gives her name and some detail about her family relations... Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the ''dance of the seven veils''), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome]

'''tessellated''' 
A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation]

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

2011-09-30T23:02:43Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 82 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

'''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history, the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

'''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
'''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

'''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

'''''rissole''''' 
A rissole is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

'''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

'''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

'''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

'''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

'''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

2011-09-30T23:01:45Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 82 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

'''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history, the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

'''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
'''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

'''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

'''''rissole''''' 
A rissole is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

'''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

'''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

'''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

'''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.

'''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

2011-09-29T20:24:59Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 80 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

'''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history, the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

'''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
'''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

'''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

'''''rissole''''' 
A rissole is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

'''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

'''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

'''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

'''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

2011-09-29T19:50:03Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 79 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

'''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history, the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

'''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

2011-09-29T19:33:18Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 79 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

==Page 80==

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

2011-09-29T19:17:41Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 78 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

==Page 80==

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

2011-09-29T19:15:33Z

Greenlantern: /* Page 78 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organised charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlies]

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior.
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses.
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

==Page 80==

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces.

{{GR PbP}}

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