Thomas Pynchon Wiki - User contributions [en]

Pages 92-113

2015-01-07T14:56:29Z

Petex: p108 ic heb u liever

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==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
German: "Witch chastisement". Pynchon has either invented or misremembered this word. The correct form would be "Hexenzüchtigung", but it is in any case extremely rare, not part of the normal vocabulary of witch trials.

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A deity to the Herero peoples, the supreme being. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all-knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''talion''' 
Retaliation.

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

'''mandala''' 
Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". In the Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions their sacred art often takes a mandala form. The basic form of most Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point; each gate is in the shape of a T. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala]

==Page 101==
'''swastika''' 
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote good luck. It is composed of ''su-'' meaning "good, well" and ''asti'' "to be" ''svasti'' thus means "well-being." The suffix ''-ka'' either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and ''svastika'' might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika]

101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces''''' 
Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

'''the Underground''' 
See page [[Pages 92-113#Page 96|96]].

'''''Erwartung''''' 
Anticipation

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 108==
108 '''ic heb u liever dan ên everswîn''' 
These lines (English: "I love you more than a wild boar / even if it were made of fine gold") are from the 15th century Middle Dutch verse drama [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanseloet_van_Denemerken| Lanseloet van Denemerken] ("Lancelot of Denmark"). Precisely these two lines are quoted and discussed in Chapter 10 of Jacob Grimm's ''Deutsche Mythologie'', Vol. 1, p. 213 in the English translation ''Teutonic Mythology'', which must be Pynchon's source.

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

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Pages 205-226

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Petex: /* Page 206 */ Gothic

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==Page 206==
206.20; '''P.I.D.''' 
Political Intelligence Division

206 '''a circle with a dot in the centre''' 
Dodson-Truck is right about the Old Norse and Old High German runes, but the Gothic letter which he describes is the letter called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwair hwair], transliterated as "hw", whose name means "cauldron, kettle". The Gothic alphabet is not runic and its letter "S" is identical in form to that of the Latin alphabet.

[[image:plasticman2.jpg|thumb|100px|Plastic Man|right]]206.37 '''A Plasticman comic''' 
Plastic Man’s history is a bit different than that given by Weisenburger. The hero first appeared in Police Comics in January 1941. He had his own title starting in 1943 under the Quality Comics label, which ended in 1956. The character was picked up and revived by National Periodicals ("DC" Comics) in 1966, but the new magazine lasted only for ten issues. Since then, some of the original Plastic Man stories have been reprinted from time to time, and the character has appeared in other DC publications. Plastic Man’s costume was mainly red, but also contained yellow and black. His name should be two words, not one as in ''GR''.

==Page 207==
207.8 '''Telefunken radio control. That 'Hawaii I'''' 
Telefunken is a German radio and television company, founded in 1903, in Berlin, as a joint venture of two large companies, Siemens & Halske (S & H) and the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (General Electricity Company). By 1941, AEG was the sole owner. During the Second World War Telefunken was a supplier of vacuum tubes, transmitters and radio relay systems, and developed radar facilities and directional finders, aiding the war efforts of the Third Reich. 'Hawaii I' was the surface station for a missile guidance system Telefunken developed.

==Page 208==
208.21 '''Palmolive and Camay''' 
Two American brands of soap.

==Page 209==
209.21 ''''s Gravenhage''' 
aka The Hague

==Page 210==
210.18 '''Johnson Smith''' 
A mail-order company officially established in 1914 that sells novelty and gag gift items such as x-ray goggles, whoopee cushions, fake vomit, and joy buzzers. They often advertised in comic books.

210.18-19 '''Mustache Kit, 20 different shapes ''' 
[[F#fumanchu|Fu Manchu]]: a full, straight mustache that grows downward past the lips and on either side of the chin and extends down toward the toes; [[M#groucho|Groucho Marx]]: a thick greasepaint mustache.

210.28 '''Wyatt Earp''' 
[[E#earp|Earp]] had an extremely long and droopy mustache; see picture [http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ilag7FZtOPc/SLt6hSWtUZI/AAAAAAAAAt8/G3vZJHcumw4/s1600-h/wyatt.jpg here]

210.35 '''John Wilkes Booth's ''' 
[[B#booth|Booth]] also had a droopy mustache, but not as long as Earp

210.30 '''Stuart Lake era''' 
Lake wrote ''Frontier Marshal'', a 1931 biography of Wyatt Earp which the author purported upon publication to be based on actual interviews but later admitted to be highly fictionalized. It served as the basis for several movies (including John Ford's ''My Darling Clementine'') as well as the 1955 to 1961 Tube series ''The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp''.

==Page 211==
211.39; '''...a drinking game, it's called Prince...''' 
A real drinking game, usually called 'Whales Tales'.

==Page 212==
212.27; '''jeroboam of Veuve Clicquot Brut''' 
A 3 liter bottle of a slightly sweet, premium French champagne

212.33; '''trews''' 
Men's clothing for the legs and lower abdomen, a traditional form of Irish and Scottish apparel; plaid trousers rather than a kilt.

212.33; '''''degorgement''''' 
French: process in which sediment is removed from wine

==Page 213==
213.21 '''The Queen of Transylvan-ia''' 
Transylvania is, of course, the mountainous region of Romania that is legendary home to Dracula.
: As well as the real-life birthplace of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Oberth Hermann Oberth], the pioneer of German rocket science, inventor of liquid-fuel propulsion, consultant on [[http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fritz_Lang Die Frau im Mond]]; the man who turned von Braun on.

213.26 '''Chateaubriand''' 
A recipe for a thick cut of steak from the tenderloin, created for Vicomte François-René de Chateaubriand, (1768–1848)

213.27 '''panatelas''' 
Long, thin cigars

213.36 '''Épernay grapes''' 
Grapes grown in the Épernay region of France; officially designated as Champagne grapes

213.36 '''cuvées''' 
Refers to the best grape juice from gentle pressing of the grapes--the first 2,050 liters of grape juice from 4,000 kg of grapes

==Page 214==
214.02 '''Taittinger''' 
A French sweet sparkling wine, manufactured outside the Champagne region and so unable to use the controlled name - an indication that the real thing has started to run out.

214.04-05 '''Lady of Spain''' 
The song, composed in 1931 by Tolchard Evans, Stanley Demerell and Bob Hargreaves, has become a cliché of accordion music.

==Page 215==
215.29 '''News of the World''' 
A British tabloid known as a purveyor of titillation, shock and criminal news, first published in 1843 and at one time the best-selling newspaper in the UK; closely associated with Conservative political views, it was (pace Weisenberger) a weekly Sunday paper, not a daily. It folded in 2011, after a scandal involving mobile phone hacking of celebrities and a murder victim.

==Page 218==
218.10 '''Zaxa''' 
Anglicized pronunciation of [[S#sachsa|'Sachsa']]

==Page 220==
220.31 '''Schutzmann Joche''' 
The constable’s last name, with an umlaut, would approximate another expression of disgust ("yuck-ey").

==Page 222==
222.02 '''Cagney of the French Riviera''' 
James Cagney, American actor who played tough guys. Called "the professional gangster". In one famous movie scene, he shoves a grapefruit
into a woman's face over the breakfast table.

222.37 '''the bridge music''' 
A cinematic reference; the kind of musical accompaniment in which familiar tunes echoed the theme of particular scenes (especially during montage sequences spanning periods of time) was a common feature of classic Hollywood films (for example, the scores of Max Steiner). In this context, the music is background to a montage of scenes of Slothrop and Katje working together.

==Page 223==
223.11 '''IG and radio methods''' 
IG = INERTIAL guidance, i.e. guidance derived from inertia (Newton's first law)... measuring the forces on a gyroscope, which attempts to maintain the spin and orientation it had before the rocket's flight started. Put those forces (and the time during which they are sensed) through some arithmetic, and you get the current position and velocity of the rocket... leading to the right moment to shut down the engine (Brennschluss). 
Alternately, the guidance system can receive signals from two or more radio sources (a la GPS, today's Global Positioning System) and use trigonometry to calculate its position. This was planned for the V2 and tested, but never became operational AFAIK. Used extensively by bombers. 
Either way, the transition from *powered* and *controlled* flight to *ballistic* trajectory -- governed only by gravity, all its future implicit in this moment, fated and irreversible -- is a central metaphor, arguably *the* central metaphor, of the book.

223.19 '''''Der Pfau''''' 
German: the peacock; interestingly, this word sounds very similar to the pronunciation of the letter 'V', just with a soft plosive 'P' in front, so that ''Pfau Zwei'' could easily be mistaken for 'V-2'

223.36 '''scrim''' 
A gauze used as a screen or backdrop.

==Page 225==
225.32 '''a single clarinet''' 
The instrument, with its evocation of "clowns and circuses," suggests Kurt Weill's score for Brecht's ''Three-Penny Opera'' but also Nino Rota’s scores for several Fellini films, notably ''8½'' (1963 No wonder Slothrop "lacks the European reflexes" to it!)

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Pages 72-83

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Petex: /* Page 78 */ pearlies - replacement definition

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==Page 73==
'''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.8 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
'''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a kind of novelty yarn. It is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle]

'''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

'''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

'''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

'''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
'''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

'''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

'''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

'''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
'''''dégagé''''' 
Clear

'''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

'''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

'''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
'''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

'''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

'''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common grammar error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

'''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

'''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

'''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
'''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

'''pearlies''' 
British slang for "teeth", a shortened form of "pearly whites". The Oxford English Dictionary cites this very passage as one of its examples of the word.

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

'''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

'''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

'''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history, the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

More likely Pynchon was referring to Lt. Siegfried Sassoon CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967), a decorated war hero who famously refused to return to combat in 1917 and became one of Britain's best known pacifists and poets. This Sassoon was ordered to undergo mental health treatment by British military authorities who could not understand his change in attitude towards the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon]

'''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
'''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

'''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

'''''rissole''''' 
A rissole is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

'''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)

'''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

'''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

'''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

'''MMPI''' 
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is one of the most frequently used personality tests in mental health. The test is used by trained professionals to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory]

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Thowster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

'''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

'''The buttery''' 
A buttery was a domestic room in a large medieval house. Along with the pantry, it was generally part of the offices pertaining to the kitchen. Reached from the screens passage at the low end of the Great Hall the buttery was traditionally the place from which the yeoman of the buttery served beer from the wooden butts standing by to those lower members of the household not entitled to drink wine. Candles were also dispensed from the buttery. Even today in Oxford and Cambridge colleges drinks are served from the buttery bar. The buttery generally had a staircase to the beer cellar below. The wine cellars, however, belonged to a different department, that of the yeoman of the cellar and in keeping with the higher value of their contents were often more richly decorated to reflect the higher status of their contents. From the mid-17th century, as it became the custom for servants and their offices to be less conspicuous and sited far from the principal reception rooms, the Great Hall and its neighbouring buttery and pantry lost their original uses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttery_(room)]

'''Gloucestershire Old Spots''' 
The Gloucestershire Old Spots is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots. It is named after the county of Gloucestershire. The Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is known for its docility, intelligence, and prolificacy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Old_Spots]

'''buckram books''' 
Buckram is a stiff cloth, made of cotton, and still occasionally linen, which is used to cover and protect books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey]

'''Salome with the head of John''' 
Salome, the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given). Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's ''Jewish Antiquities'', gives her name and some detail about her family relations... Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the ''dance of the seven veils''), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome]

'''tessellated''' 
A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation]

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 92-113

2015-01-05T20:37:58Z

Petex: /* Page 95 */ Hexeszüchtigung

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
German: "Witch chastisement". Pynchon has either invented or misremembered this word. The correct form would be "Hexenzüchtigung", but it is in any case extremely rare, not part of the normal vocabulary of witch trials.

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A deity to the Herero peoples, the supreme being. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all-knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''talion''' 
Retaliation.

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

'''mandala''' 
Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". In the Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions their sacred art often takes a mandala form. The basic form of most Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point; each gate is in the shape of a T. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala]

==Page 101==
'''swastika''' 
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote good luck. It is composed of ''su-'' meaning "good, well" and ''asti'' "to be" ''svasti'' thus means "well-being." The suffix ''-ka'' either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and ''svastika'' might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika]

101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces''''' 
Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

'''the Underground''' 
See page [[Pages 92-113#Page 96|96]].

'''''Erwartung''''' 
Anticipation

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-597#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

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Petex: /* Page 167 */ Rippenstoss, 'Stoss' is more agressive than a nudge

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 154==
154.12 '''Studentenheim''' 
German: student residence or dorm

==Page 156==
156.18 '''the Judenschnautze''' 
As [[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] notes, Pynchon probably means "Judenschnauze" here, but the term is more likely to mean "Jewish snout" (or nose) than "Jewish jaw." The term reflects Leni’s antisemitic stereotyping. See note at [[#Page 159|159.38]]. Schnauze is a word for a canine face, so it might mean "Jewish mug" as well. It also denotes a manner of speech, as in "Er hat eine berliner Schnauze" ("He speaks the Berlin dialect").

==Page 157==
157.35 '''Gymnasium''' 
A type of school in the German secondary education system, typically running grades 6-13. There is a heavy focus on academic study. Graduates take the ''Abitur'' exam and many go on to university.

==Page 159==
159.19 '''Niebelungen''' 
[[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] takes his description of the film from Siegfried Kracauer’s ''From Caligari to Hitler'', but overlooks a key point. It is no wonder that Pokler "missed Attila the Hun roaring in from the East to wipe out the Burgundians"; Attila never did roar in from the East! As Kracauer correctly describes the film’s ending, Attila does massacre the Burgundians, but only after inviting them to dinner and setting a hall on fire (prompted by the urgings of his wife, the wronged Kriemhild). Is the textual error Pokler’s, Leni’s, or Pynchon’s? Given that all the explicit German film references are to films by Fritz Lang and that few of those films were widely available (with the notable exception of ''Metropolis''), we could suspect that Pynchon was working from secondary sources or his own memory of a Lang festival at which he, like Pokler, fell asleep. (Lang did appear at such a festival at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1969, when Pynchon may have been living in the area.) Lang is a useful touchstone for Pynchon in this novel since almost all of his films (including such American movies as ''You Only Live Once'' and ''Scarlet Street'') deal with characters trapped by an inexorable destiny. See note at [[Pages 577-580#Page 578|578.31]].
nibeldin.jpg (74051 bytes)

159.33 '''''Die Frau im Mond''''' 
German: 'woman in the moon'; A science fiction silent film that premiered October 15, 1929. It is often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films.It was written and directed by [[Fritz Lang|Fritz Lang]], based on the novel ''Die Frau im Mond'' (1928, translated as ''The Rocket to the Moon'' during 1930) by his then-wife and collaborator Thea von Harbou. It was released in the USA as ''By Rocket to the Moon'', and in the UK as ''Woman in the Moon''.

159.38 '''the Jewish wolf Pflaumbaum''' 
At this stage, for all her professed radicalism, Leni allows herself to be deluded by ethnic stereotyping. Notice her attraction to Rebecca because of her Otherness. Soon, though, Leni will be "Judaized" ([[Pages 205-226#Page 219|219.41]]), even more so when she is sent to the Dora concentration camp. Of Pflaumbaum’s fate, see note at [[Pages 580-591#Page 582|582.05]]. Also see note at [[Pages 473-482#Page 474|474.39]].

==Page 160==
160.11 '''T.H.''' 
German: ''Technische Hochschule'' literally 'technical highschool', but actually at university level.

160.18 '''It may have been a quota film.''' 
With the great influx of films from the United States to Europe between the wars, several film-producing countries, including Germany, enacted decrees that a certain number of films shown had to be of national origin. These "quota" films were often quick and shoddy productions made only to satisfy government demands so that the more profitable American films could still be shown.

==Page 161==
[[image:justus-liebig.jpg|thumb|60px|Justus Liebig|right]]161.22 '''Kurt Mondaugen''' 
Mondaugen was introduced as a character in the South-West Africa episodes of ''V.'', especially as the focal point of the chapter "Mondaugen’s Story." See note at [[Pages 145-154#Page 152|152.21]].

161.34-35 '''true succession, Liebig to [ . . . ] Jamf''' 
Picture of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Liebig Justus Liebig] (right)

==Page 162==
162.12 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

162.15 '''kleinbürger''' 
German: the lower middle class, translated from the French term ''petit bourgeoise'', literally 'little citizen', noted for their small-minded conservative values.

162.18 '''Dom''' 
German--cathedral

162.20 '''Biedermeier''' 
Refers to the historical period between the years 1815 and 1848, particularly in Germany and Central Europe. It is often used to denote the artistic styles that flourished then and that marked a contrast with the Romantic era which preceded it; mainly in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design. However, it can also be used, as it is here, to imply a petit-bourgeois conformity.

162.28 '''Bürgerlichkeit''' 
German: the quality of being bourgeois

==Page 163==
163.20-21 '''Leni sang with the other children the charming anti-semitic street refrain of the time''' 
The source of Leni’s initially racist attitudes lies here, in her youth.

==Page 165==
165.21 '''Herrenklub''' 
German: gentlemen's club

==Page 166==
166.1-9 '''All right. Mauve [ . . . ]''' 
For more on the history of this breakthrough in dye-making and organic chemistry, see Simon Garfield's ''Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color That Changed the World'' (New York: Norton, 2001).

==Page 167==
167.29-30 '''Heinz Rippenstoss''' 
The name of the would-be Nazi wag is literally "poke in the ribs." 
Seemingly a riff on "von Ribbentrop", Hitler's foreign minister, found guilty at Nuremberg and hung.

{{GR PbP}}

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2015-01-05T20:14:02Z

Petex: /* Page 162 */ kleinbürger refined

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 154==
154.12 '''Studentenheim''' 
German: student residence or dorm

==Page 156==
156.18 '''the Judenschnautze''' 
As [[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] notes, Pynchon probably means "Judenschnauze" here, but the term is more likely to mean "Jewish snout" (or nose) than "Jewish jaw." The term reflects Leni’s antisemitic stereotyping. See note at [[#Page 159|159.38]]. Schnauze is a word for a canine face, so it might mean "Jewish mug" as well. It also denotes a manner of speech, as in "Er hat eine berliner Schnauze" ("He speaks the Berlin dialect").

==Page 157==
157.35 '''Gymnasium''' 
A type of school in the German secondary education system, typically running grades 6-13. There is a heavy focus on academic study. Graduates take the ''Abitur'' exam and many go on to university.

==Page 159==
159.19 '''Niebelungen''' 
[[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] takes his description of the film from Siegfried Kracauer’s ''From Caligari to Hitler'', but overlooks a key point. It is no wonder that Pokler "missed Attila the Hun roaring in from the East to wipe out the Burgundians"; Attila never did roar in from the East! As Kracauer correctly describes the film’s ending, Attila does massacre the Burgundians, but only after inviting them to dinner and setting a hall on fire (prompted by the urgings of his wife, the wronged Kriemhild). Is the textual error Pokler’s, Leni’s, or Pynchon’s? Given that all the explicit German film references are to films by Fritz Lang and that few of those films were widely available (with the notable exception of ''Metropolis''), we could suspect that Pynchon was working from secondary sources or his own memory of a Lang festival at which he, like Pokler, fell asleep. (Lang did appear at such a festival at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1969, when Pynchon may have been living in the area.) Lang is a useful touchstone for Pynchon in this novel since almost all of his films (including such American movies as ''You Only Live Once'' and ''Scarlet Street'') deal with characters trapped by an inexorable destiny. See note at [[Pages 577-580#Page 578|578.31]].
nibeldin.jpg (74051 bytes)

159.33 '''''Die Frau im Mond''''' 
German: 'woman in the moon'; A science fiction silent film that premiered October 15, 1929. It is often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films.It was written and directed by [[Fritz Lang|Fritz Lang]], based on the novel ''Die Frau im Mond'' (1928, translated as ''The Rocket to the Moon'' during 1930) by his then-wife and collaborator Thea von Harbou. It was released in the USA as ''By Rocket to the Moon'', and in the UK as ''Woman in the Moon''.

159.38 '''the Jewish wolf Pflaumbaum''' 
At this stage, for all her professed radicalism, Leni allows herself to be deluded by ethnic stereotyping. Notice her attraction to Rebecca because of her Otherness. Soon, though, Leni will be "Judaized" ([[Pages 205-226#Page 219|219.41]]), even more so when she is sent to the Dora concentration camp. Of Pflaumbaum’s fate, see note at [[Pages 580-591#Page 582|582.05]]. Also see note at [[Pages 473-482#Page 474|474.39]].

==Page 160==
160.11 '''T.H.''' 
German: ''Technische Hochschule'' literally 'technical highschool', but actually at university level.

160.18 '''It may have been a quota film.''' 
With the great influx of films from the United States to Europe between the wars, several film-producing countries, including Germany, enacted decrees that a certain number of films shown had to be of national origin. These "quota" films were often quick and shoddy productions made only to satisfy government demands so that the more profitable American films could still be shown.

==Page 161==
[[image:justus-liebig.jpg|thumb|60px|Justus Liebig|right]]161.22 '''Kurt Mondaugen''' 
Mondaugen was introduced as a character in the South-West Africa episodes of ''V.'', especially as the focal point of the chapter "Mondaugen’s Story." See note at [[Pages 145-154#Page 152|152.21]].

161.34-35 '''true succession, Liebig to [ . . . ] Jamf''' 
Picture of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Liebig Justus Liebig] (right)

==Page 162==
162.12 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

162.15 '''kleinbürger''' 
German: the lower middle class, translated from the French term ''petit bourgeoise'', literally 'little citizen', noted for their small-minded conservative values.

162.18 '''Dom''' 
German--cathedral

162.20 '''Biedermeier''' 
Refers to the historical period between the years 1815 and 1848, particularly in Germany and Central Europe. It is often used to denote the artistic styles that flourished then and that marked a contrast with the Romantic era which preceded it; mainly in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design. However, it can also be used, as it is here, to imply a petit-bourgeois conformity.

162.28 '''Bürgerlichkeit''' 
German: the quality of being bourgeois

==Page 163==
163.20-21 '''Leni sang with the other children the charming anti-semitic street refrain of the time''' 
The source of Leni’s initially racist attitudes lies here, in her youth.

==Page 165==
165.21 '''Herrenklub''' 
German: gentlemen's club

==Page 166==
166.1-9 '''All right. Mauve [ . . . ]''' 
For more on the history of this breakthrough in dye-making and organic chemistry, see Simon Garfield's ''Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color That Changed the World'' (New York: Norton, 2001).

==Page 167==
167.29-30 '''Heinz Rippenstoss''' 
The name of the would-be Nazi wag is literally "nudge in the ribs." 
Seemingly a riff on "von Ribbentrob", Hitler's foreign minister, found guilty at Nuremberg and hung.

{{GR PbP}}