Thomas Pynchon Wiki - User contributions [en]

Pages 314-329

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==Page 314==
314.28-315.26 '''In the days when ... design to some compromise value.''' 
This passage is written in the style of a zen koan, an anecdote about teachers and students of zen Buddhism meant to be contemplated by followers and used to test the progress of students.

314.32 '''Atu''' 
In addition to being a unit of measurement for atmospheric pressure, "Atu" is a term for the 22 major arcana cards in the Tarot.

==Page 315==
315.08 '''Steve Edelman''' 
"Edelman" may be from the German for "nobleman," but the name sounds real, as though it might be a reference to a person whom Pynchon actually knew. Coincidentally, there is a Minneapolis talk-show host (who makes a brief cameo appearance in the film ''Fargo'') and TV producer named Steve Edelman as well as a studio musician based in Los Angeles (bass, not harmonica, unfortunately).

==Page 320==
320.08 '''Der Bingle''' 
Nickname for Bing Crosby, originally German, but later used by English-speaking fans as well

320.09 '''bu-bu-bu-boo''' 
An empty song phrase often used by mimics of Bing Crosby’s crooning style.

320.14 '''the Cards or Browns''' 
Two baseball teams from St. Louis, the Cardinals and the Browns. The Browns moved to Baltimore in 1954 and became the Orioles.

==Page 321==
[[image:seige-perilous.jpg|thumb|100px|right]]321.06-07 '''Siege Perilous''' 
Not Castle Perilous, as Weisenburger has it, but the Perilous Seat at King Arthur’s Round Table (which is why the jokers are sneaking Whoopee Cushions on it. The Whoopee Cushion itself emits an embarrassing farting sound when sat on). Only the pure could sit there without being destroyed (hence the "peril"), and in most versions Galahad alone qualified for the place.

==Page 323==
323.10 '''Samuel Maherero's''' 
Maharero seems to be a more common spelling. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Maharero English] and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Maharero German] entries in Wikipedia

==Page 324==
324.18-19 '''damn him to the knob of that nervous imperial staff''' 
Apart from being an example of sexual/political double entendre, the exact phrase "Christ's imperial staff" occurs in [http://george-macdonald.book-lover.com/8pgm110/index_U174.html#i._8 a poem by George MacDonald] (himself an unorthodox Calvinist), dedicated to General Gordon of Khartoum fame.
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Pages 295-314

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==Page 297==
297.36 '''Articles of Immachination''' 
As opposed to Articles of Incorporation

==Page 298==
298.24 '''Etzel Ölsch '''
Etzel, or Attila the Hun, is first featured as the agent of destruction in the ''Nibelungen'' movie during which Franz Pökler falls asleep (159.19). According to the [http://duden-suche.de/suche/abstract.php?artikel_id=34277&verweis=1&shortname=famnamen#34279 Duden dictionary of family names], Oelsch is a variant of Oelschner, which refers to various east German placenames of Slavic origin.

==Page 299==

298.10 '''how long, how long you sfacim-a dis country''' 
The question "how long" addressed to a "You" echoes Psalm 13 ("How long, O Lord? Will you forget me forever?"). While ''sfacimento'' (related to disfacimento, ultimately from ''disfare'', 'undo') means decay in literary Italian, in Neapolitan slang ''sfacim'' stands for semen (or a mean person). See the exchange in [http://v.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_6 V., 140/146 ].

299.38 '''Picture the letters SS stretched lengthwise''' 
In the 2007 biography ''Von Braun:Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War'', Michael Neufeld writes that after the August 1943 attack on Peenemunde, the rocket works were moved to an abandoned underground storage facility. The tunnels were, in historical fact, just as described here: like the letter "s" stretched lengthwise connected by cross tunnels. Each "s" was large enough to accommodate a long train. The prison labor from Dora -- mostly Poles, Russians, French and German leftist/communists and few if any Jews -- lived and died in wretched conditions in the cross-tunnels.

The tunnels are arranged like a two-dimensional parody of the DNA molecule. The 44 cross-tunnels might suggest the 22 pairs of chromosomes possessed by each individual. Correspondent Debby Katz adds the following comment:

:"Cross tunnels suggest often -illustrated base pairings in DNA (adenine-thymine A-T, or cytosine-guanine, C-G) the order of which defines the "sense" of the coded message within the molecule. We human-types possess 23 pairs of chromosomes, not 22. One pair, the X-X or X-Y is, of course, not an identical pairing in the male of the species. But the Y is without a doubt information-holding, as an X-O female (45 chromosomes, missing the second X chromosome) is not a male, but a female with a lot of problems."

:Not sure where the idea of the DNA double helix comes from, but it is not supported by the text. If the tunnels resembled a helix, a better metaphor would be a spiral staircase, not a ladder with a slight s-curve. Also, the tunnels are designed with Rocket imagery in mind (DNA is not rocket imagery). No, as the book says, the tunnels are suggestive of the '''double integral''', translating rocket acceleration into a point -- the Brennschluss point. And as noted above, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, not 22.

==Page 300==
300.03 '''Hupla''' 
Or "hoopla," a big fuss. ''Hoppla'' is also a German expression meaning 'oops'

==Page 301==
301.38 '''1000 yards east of Waterloo Station''' 
Coincidence?: About 1000 yards east (actually east-southeast) of Waterloo Station, off Southwark Bridge Road, near its intersection with Southwark Street, is a little ''cul-de-sac'' where the rocket might impact. Its name is America Street.

==Page 302==
302.20-21 '''a constellation...a 13th sign of the Zodiac named for it''' 
Though probably not intended as such by TRP, there is in fact a 13th Zodiacal constellation named [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiucus Ophiuchus], formerly Serpentarius, both meaning "the serpent holder," found between Scorpio and Sagittarius. "Of the 13 zodiacal constellations (constellations that contain the Sun during the course of the year), Ophiuchus is the only one not counted as an astrological sign." It is passed over. 

Going way off on a limb, Ophiuchus may map to Tchitcherine in that they both handle Snakes and see the lightning of God...
:" but they [Ophiuchus and Tchitcherine?] lie so close to Earth that from many places they can't be seen at all, and from different places inside the zone where they can be seen, they fall into completely different patterns..."

Also ties in with the later discussion of the Serpent and Kekule's dream. 

302.32-33 '''the gentlemanly reflex that made him edit, switch names, insert fantasies into the yarns''' 
The habit of switching names and inserting fantasies might explain why the project SEZ WHO (270-271, Speed and Perdoo trying to locate Slothrop's girls) fails completely.

==Page 303==
303.20 '''Marie-Celeste''' 
The Mary Celeste (incorrectly referred to as Marie Celeste) was a brigantine merchant ship discovered in December 1872 in the Atlantic Ocean unmanned and apparently abandoned, despite the fact that the weather was fine and her crew had been experienced and able seamen;

==Page 306==
306.19 '''hanging by the foot''' 
Note how Slothrop, as he hangs upside down by one foot, momentarily turns into a version of the Tarot card The Hanged Man, which also turns up in his Tarot reading on p. 738.

This rope actually existed in historical fact. The Mittelwerke tunnels had a large crane with rope to lift the rocket to an upright position for testing.

The soldier was a practical joker, but just up to a few weeks earlier Dora-Mittelwerk cranes were used for real slow-hanging executions of prisoners.

==Page 308==
308.8-10 '''"''There'' he is," in a great roar..."go ''git'' him boys!"''' 
Major Marvy at this point and forward resembles the Queen of Hearts in the Alice stories as he chases after Slothrop boisterously yelling, in essence, "Off with his head!"

308.36 '''"Gruss Gott"''' 
Glimpf's greeting to Slothrop makes more sense as explained by Igor Zabel:
"'Gruss Gott!' is not 'Great God!' but 'Greet (you) God!' a very common greeting in Austria, Bavaria and southern Germany, more common, in fact, than 'Good morning'. It should be written with an umlaut (grüss)."

==Page 310==

310.17-24 '''Ev'ry little Nazi's shootin' pool...Mittel-werk Ex-press!''' 
Reminiscent of the popular 1969 Crosby, Stills and Nash tune, "Marrakesh Express." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh_Express]

==Page 311==
311.32 '''"Icy Noctiluca"''' 
The original name for white Phosphorus, given by its discoverer, Hennig Brand in 1669. ('New Experiments and Observations made upon the Icy Noctiluca' — title of booklet by Robert Boyle, 1681)."

==Page 312==
312.17 '''white Stetson''' 
[[image:slim-pickens.jpg|thumb|120px|Slim Pickens in ''Dr. Strangelove''|right]]Both Marvy’s dress and speech echo the character of Major Stanley "King" Kong, the bomber pilot played by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Pickens Slim Pickens] in Stanley Kubrick’s [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strangelove ''Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb''] (1964).

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Pages 640-655

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==Page 640==
640 '''A certain lycanthropophobia or fear of Werewolves occupies minds at higher levels''' 
Post-war Nazi partisans called themselves "Werwolf". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werwolf Wikipedia entry on Werwolf]

640.30 '''Eddie Pensiero''' 
The name is actually an old pun, taken from "La Donna e Mobile," the most famous aria in Verdi’s ''Rigoletto''. The main verse reads:

:La donna e mobile 
:Quai piuma al vento, 
:Muta d’accento 
:'''E di pensiero'''. [emphasis added]

English:

:Woman is fickle 
:As a feather in the wind, 
:She changes her tune 
:And her thoughts.

==Page 642==
642.05-06 '''It’s really a train of imperceptible light and dark.''' 
The glow of the light bulb only appears to be steady, like the flow of light broken by the shutter in a movie projector.

==Page 651==
651.14 '''cullet''' 
Recycled glass, crushed in preparation to be remelted.

==Page 652==
652.12 '''Buddy at the last minute decided to go see ''Dracula''''' 
See note at [[Pages_580-591#Page 591|591.18]].

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Pages 249-269

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==Page 250==
250.25-26 '''Sandoz (where, as every schoolchild knows, the legendary Dr. Hofmann made his important discovery)'''

That is, Albert Hofmann discovered the psychedelic effects of LSD-25 in 1943.

==Page 251==
251.12 '''Shell Mex House''' 
Shell Mex House, built 1930-31 is situated at number 80, Strand, London. It was for many years the London headquarters of Shell-Mex and BP Ltd for whom it was originally built. During WWII the building became home to the Ministry of Supply which co-ordinated supply of equipment to the national armed forces. It was also the home of the "Petroleum Board" which handled the distribution and rationing of petroleum products during the war.

==Page 252==
252.19-20 '''penis-in-the-popcorn-box routine''' 
Old urban 'legend', known as *Penis Surprise*. Urban Dictionary.

==Page 253==
253.03-4 '''this smile [Slothrop's own] asks from him more grace..''' 
'Grace' is the last word of ''Against the Day'' and a key thematic concept therein.

253.10 '''Corniche''' 
One of Nice's most famous roads, offering spectacular views

253.14 '''Citroën''' 
A French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. It was the one of the world's first mass-production car companies outside of the USA.

253.20-21 '''heads for a bistro on the old-Nice side of La Porte Fausse''' 
[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NIKAIA-porteFausseD1.jpg La Porte Fausse] is a passage connecting the glamorous, touristy "modern"(19th century) centre of Nice with the crammed old town, which used to be a working-class district. It is called "The False Gate" because it looks as if it were just a gateway to a house. Passing to the other side seems to be an objective correlative for entering the preterite world.

==Page 254==
254.38 '''Borsalini''' 
Borsalino hats are a quality-made felt hat with broad brim manufactured in Italy. The company has been in existence since 1857. "Borsalini" is Pynchon's plural.

==Page 255==
255.26 '''it's Murray Smile''' 
It would seem that this name is derived from Murray Wilson, Beach Boy Brian Wilson's abusive father, and the LP ''Smile'', the legendary 1967 Beach Boys album that was never completed due to Brian's mental collapse and loss of will; Pynchon hung out with Brian during the legendary "Smile" Period [[Pynchon and Brian Wilson]]

==Page 257==
257.31-32 '''The War has been reconfiguring time and space into its own image. The track runs in different networks now.''' 
Cf. the railway network as a metaphor for parallel worlds or alternative histories in [[http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page COL 49]].

==Page 259==
259 '''the mental cases of Switzerland''' 
Zurich's best known psychiatric clinic is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghölzli Burghölzli] where, among others, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler Eugen Bleuler], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung Carl Gustav Jung], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger Ludwig Binswanger] used to work. One of the 'mental cases of Switzerland' at the time, although not at the Burghölzli, was the writer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walser_(writer) Robert Walser]. Other famous mental cases of Switzerland Pynchon could be referring to include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Glauser Friedrich Glauser] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche].

==Page 260==
260.3
'''perpetual motion or as we like to call it Entropy Management''' 
The whole passage reads somewhat like an ultra-condensed version of [[http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page COL49]], Chapter Five.

260.9-10
'''ornithopters and robobopsters ... got a little goatee made out of steel wool.''' 
Seems to be a bit anachronistic. After all, bebop was first promoted as "bebop" as late as 1944 (although it was "invented" in 1939, as Pynchon refers to earlier in GR), and its popularity began to grow beyond Harlem in the summer of 1945. "Ornithopters" likely refers to Charlie Parker's ("Bird") composition "Ornithology" of 1946. The much-imitated goatee belonged to Dizzy Gillespie.

260.30
'''"You interested in some L.S.D."''' 
As a man from Sandoz, Mario Schweitar is aware of the hallucinogenic effect of LSD, discovered by Albert Hofmann in 1943. Slothrop, of course, has never head about it. Schweitar's "mournful" remark about the "wrong country" seems to be a complaint about Schwitzerland's neutrality and small market; the CIA and the U.S. Army used LSD in tests before it became a counter-culture fad.

==Page 261==
261.29
'''Gemüse-Brücke''' 
German: vegetable bridge; Gemüsebrücke, or Gmüesbrugg, is the traditional name for the Rathausbrücke (a vegetable market used to be here).

==Page 262==
262.5-6
'''Wilhelm Tell Overture''' 
From the Rossini opera by the same name. Slothrop would know this as the theme music for the ''Lone Ranger'' radio show which ran from 1933-1954 (also a Tube series from 1949-1957)--another 'western' reference. The Rossini thread is picked up here after Rue Rossini in Nice. Another escape from Their gaze.

262.6-7
'''hope nobody was looking through that one-way glass''' 
A recurrence of the "half-silvered images", introduced on the very first page; representing political power, which sees but cannnot be clearly seen. Sounds quite Foucauldian.

262.9
'''King Tiger tank''' 
''Königstiger'' (officially Panzerkampfwagen VI) was the most impressive German heavy tank in World War II, although it had several construction faults. Just like a Rolls, it was a kind of rarity; Porsche produced only 489 such tanks from late 1943 to March 1945. The comparison emphasizes the concept of WW II as a cluster of ambilateral business transactions.

Comparing the noise of the Rolls and the Königstiger, perhaps Pynchon also had the following episode of advertising history in mind: In 1959, David Ogilvy wrote an [http://www.suchradar.de/magazin/archiv/2014/1-2014/linkaufbau-advertorials-ogilvy-rolls-royce-magazine-ad.jpg ad for Rolls Royce]. Its headline ran: "At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Rolls Royce comes from the electric clock." Howard Gossage responded with an [http://swiped.co/file/60-miles-an-hour-land-rover-ad-by-howard-gossage/ ad for Land-Rover], stating: "At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Land-Rover comes from the roar of the engine." (And it goes on with a quote from novelist John Steinbeck.)

==Page 263==
263.20-21
'''The paper is fifteen years old.''' 
Another echo of COL 49, Ch 5, where another Hispanic anarchist, Jesús Arrabal has an issue of ''Regeneración'' from 1904 on his table at a greasy spoon.

==Page 264==
264.40-41
'''In ordinary times ... the center always wins. Its power grows with time, and that can't be reversed''' 
This is a combination of Max Weber's notion of center and periphery with the Second Law of thermodynamics. So "decentralizing" in "extraordinary times" (p. 265.1-2) is an act of "entropy management".

==Page 265==
265.24-25 '''connections of many years' standing with the Republican underground''' 
Meaning the Spanish Republic (1931-39), in which anarchists played a major role.

==Page 266==
266.3 '''corktips''' 
Cigarettes with a cork filter.

266.7 '''Spencer Tracy''' 
An American theatrical and film actor, who appeared in 74 films from 1930 to 1967. This reference is to his role as the African explorer Henry Stanley in the 1939 film ''Stanley and Livingston''.

266.11 '''Richard Halliburton''' 
An American traveler, adventurer, and author. Best known today for having swum the length of the Panama Canal, he was headline news for most of his brief career. His final and fatal adventure, an attempt to sail a Chinese junk, the Sea Dragon, across the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco, made him legendary.

266.23 '''Lowell Thomas''' 
An American writer, broadcaster, and traveller best known as the man who made Lawrence of Arabia famous. So varied were Thomas's activities that when it came time for the Library of Congress to catalog his memoirs they were forced to put them in "CT" ("biographies of subjects who do not fit into any other category") in their classification.

266.23-24 '''Rover and Motor Boys''' 
The Rover Boys and Motor Boys were two different series of popular adventure books for boys at the turn of the 20th century.

266.31 '''Cointrin''' 
Geneva's airport

266.37 '''City of Peace''' 
Geneva, so called for the number of peace treaties signed there due to Switzerland's status as 'neutral country'.

==Page 267==
267.35-36 '''Reformation country, Zwingli's town''' 
Yes but this only highlights a strange omission: even the narrator fails to notice that Slothrop has just visited the real birthplace of Puritanism, that is, Geneva.

==Page 268==
268.5-6
'''as a mantra... they have been taught to speak inwardly ''oss''''' 
Buddhist mantras start with the syllable ''om'', representing the Universe as inward vibration. ''Oss'', with the voiceless (non-vibrating) sibilant is apparently an anti-mantra meaning bones, representing Nothing, just the escape of air.

268.34-35
'''step by step he, It, the Repressed, approaches''' 
"It, the Repressed" is clearly Freudian terminology. Here, Jamf's "German-scientist mind, battered down by Death to only the most brute reflexes," seems to fade into Infant Tyrone's mind ''conditioned'' to the most brute reflexes by the German scientist; and that is the ambiguous "he" Slothrop is afraid of.
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Pages 244-249

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==Page 245==
245.36 '''Tom Mix shirt''' 
A cowboy shirt; Mix was an American film actor and the star of many early Western movies. He made a reported 336 films between 1910 and 1935, all but nine of which were silent features. He was Hollywood’s first Western megastar and is noted as having helped define the genre for all cowboy actors who followed.

245.36 '''Percheron horse''' 
Breed of draft horses that originated in the Perche valley in northern France; usually gray or black in color.

==Page 246==
246.1 '''Bokhara rug''' 
A handmade carpet featuring the octagonal 'elephant's foot' print, often with a red or tan background

[[image:waxwing.jpg|thumb|100px|Waxwing|right]]'''246.35 Blodgett Waxwing''' 
Waxwing’s last name may come from ''Pale Fire'' by Pynchon’s Cornell teacher Vladimir Nabokov. The novel takes the form of a long poem with annotations by a mad scholar. The poem begins, "I was the shadow of the waxwing slain/ By the false azure in the windowpane." Blodgett is the "real" last name of the heroine in all three versions of the film ''A Star Is Born''. The waxwing is also of interest because of its striking appearance: Its black "mask" is appropriate for someone in Blodgett's line of work.

The waxwing also eats the aril, the bright red, seed-containing berry of the yew tree, thus dispersing the yew seed undamaged. The yew, mentioned in the text, is the tree of death. All parts of the tree, including the seed but not the aril, are poisonous and if eaten can literally kill a horse (also pigs, cattle and other livestock).

Like the bird, this man Waxwing is able to safely carry and distribute lethal cargo, undamaged, without harm to himself.

246.37 '''Soldbücher''' 
plural of Soldbuch; A German soldier's id papers and paybook

==Page 247==
[[image:steele-JPK.jpg|thumb|100px|Steele & JPK|right]]'''247.06 Bob Steele''' 
Steele’s westerns were produced by Nalline Slothrop’s pal, Joseph Kennedy, Sr.

247.14 '''Theophile''' 
From the Greek for "Lover of God."

247.30 '''like Tenniel's Alice''' 
Sir John Tenniel drew Alice for the original editions of ''Alice in Wonderland'' and ''Through the Looking Glass''

==Page 248==
'''248.40-41 a business card, embossed with a chess knight''' 
On the television show ''Have Gun Will Travel'', which debuted in 1957, the gunslinger-for-hire Paladin (Richard Boone) gave out business cards embossed with a chess knight.

==Page 249==
249.5 & 6 '''Anglo vigilantes from Whittier''' 
Whittier High School and Whittier College is where President Richard M. Nixon, President when GR was published, hailed from. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon]]

This literary device tying Nixon to race riots and social repression works on literary license only, and in reviewing the historic situation it appears that the riots were not so much white vigilantes from Whittier attacking Zoot Suiters, as much as drunken Navy men gone wild and finding an easy target in Mexican American youth.

This seems doubly galling on Pynchon's part:

First, Whittier, CA, was and largely remains a Quaker community, named after the Quaker Abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier. Quakers are among the most pacifistic people. In addition they embody many of the values Pynchon seems to support: egalitarianism, hierarchy-less assembly, the notion of a God available to all people unmediated by a priesthood or the elect, etc. Violence is not part of their program.

Second, Pynchon is throwing the blame for the riots on Whittier (this contributor has never been to Whittier) instead of what appears to be the true cause of the riots -- nasty, drunken sailors -- those guys TRP hung out with for a while -- and then other service branches joining in the race baiting. See the PBS ''American Experience'' website and program for more information: [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/index.html The Zoot Suit Riots].

Richard Nixon, however, remains at the center of this Navy-Violence-Whittier-Quaker venn diagram. A Quaker from Whittier who in WWII served in the Navy. I, for one, could never figure how a Quaker president could bomb Cambodia or deal in such political slime.

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==Page 249==
249.5 & 6 '''Anglo vigilantes from Whittier''' 
Whittier High School and Whittier College is where President Richard M. Nixon, President when GR was published, hailed from. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon]]

This literary device tying Nixon to race riots and social repression works on literary license only, and in reviewing the historic situation it appears that the riots were not so much white vigilantes from Whittier attacking Zoot Suiters, as much as drunken Navy men gone wild and finding an easy target in Mexican American youth.

This seems doubly galling on Pynchon's part:

First, Whittier, CA, was and largely remains a Quaker community, named after the Quaker Abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier. Quakers are among the most pacifistic people. In addition they embody many of the values Pynchon seems to support: egalitarianism, hierarchy-less assembly, the notion of a God available to all people unmediated by a priesthood or the elect, etc. Violence is not part of their program.

Second, Pynchon is throwing the blame for the riots on Whittier (this contributor has never been to Whittier) instead of what appears to be the true cause of the riots -- nasty, drunken sailors -- those guys TRP hung out with for a while -- and then other service branches joining in the race baiting. See the PBS ''American Experience'' website and program for more information: [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/index.html The Zoot Suit Riots].

Richard Nixon, however, remains at the center of this Navy-Violence-Whittier-Quaker venn diagram. A Quaker from Whittier who in WWII served in the Navy. I, for one, could never figure how a Quaker president could bomb Cambodia or deal in such political slime.

==Page 250==
250.25-26 '''Sandoz (where, as every schoolchild knows, the legendary Dr. Hofmann made his important discovery)'''

That is, Albert Hofmann discovered the psychedelic effects of LSD-25 in 1943.

==Page 251==
251.12 '''Shell Mex House''' 
Shell Mex House, built 1930-31 is situated at number 80, Strand, London. It was for many years the London headquarters of Shell-Mex and BP Ltd for whom it was originally built. During WWII the building became home to the Ministry of Supply which co-ordinated supply of equipment to the national armed forces. It was also the home of the "Petroleum Board" which handled the distribution and rationing of petroleum products during the war.

==Page 252==
252.19-20 '''penis-in-the-popcorn-box routine''' 
Old urban 'legend', known as *Penis Surprise*. Urban Dictionary.

==Page 253==
253.03-4 '''this smile [Slothrop's own] asks from him more grace..''' 
'Grace' is the last word of ''Against the Day'' and a key thematic concept therein.

253.10 '''Corniche''' 
One of Nice's most famous roads, offering spectacular views

253.14 '''Citroën''' 
A French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. It was the one of the world's first mass-production car companies outside of the USA.

253.20-21 '''heads for a bistro on the old-Nice side of La Porte Fausse''' 
[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NIKAIA-porteFausseD1.jpg La Porte Fausse] is a passage connecting the glamorous, touristy "modern"(19th century) centre of Nice with the crammed old town, which used to be a working-class district. It is called "The False Gate" because it looks as if it were just a gateway to a house. Passing to the other side seems to be an objective correlative for entering the preterite world.

==Page 254==
254.38 '''Borsalini''' 
Borsalino hats are a quality-made felt hat with broad brim manufactured in Italy. The company has been in existence since 1857. "Borsalini" is Pynchon's plural.

==Page 255==
255.26 '''it's Murray Smile''' 
It would seem that this name is derived from Murray Wilson, Beach Boy Brian Wilson's abusive father, and the LP ''Smile'', the legendary 1967 Beach Boys album that was never completed due to Brian's mental collapse and loss of will; Pynchon hung out with Brian during the legendary "Smile" Period [[Pynchon and Brian Wilson]]

==Page 257==
257.31-32 '''The War has been reconfiguring time and space into its own image. The track runs in different networks now.''' 
Cf. the railway network as a metaphor for parallel worlds or alternative histories in [[http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page COL 49]].

==Page 259==
259 '''the mental cases of Switzerland''' 
Zurich's best known psychiatric clinic is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghölzli Burghölzli] where, among others, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler Eugen Bleuler], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung Carl Gustav Jung], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger Ludwig Binswanger] used to work. One of the 'mental cases of Switzerland' at the time, although not at the Burghölzli, was the writer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walser_(writer) Robert Walser]. Other famous mental cases of Switzerland Pynchon could be referring to include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Glauser Friedrich Glauser] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche].

==Page 260==
260.3
'''perpetual motion or as we like to call it Entropy Management''' 
The whole passage reads somewhat like an ultra-condensed version of [[http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page COL49]], Chapter Five.

260.9-10
'''ornithopters and robobopsters ... got a little goatee made out of steel wool.''' 
Seems to be a bit anachronistic. After all, bebop was first promoted as "bebop" as late as 1944 (although it was "invented" in 1939, as Pynchon refers to earlier in GR), and its popularity began to grow beyond Harlem in the summer of 1945. "Ornithopters" likely refers to Charlie Parker's ("Bird") composition "Ornithology" of 1946. The much-imitated goatee belonged to Dizzy Gillespie.

260.30
'''"You interested in some L.S.D."''' 
As a man from Sandoz, Mario Schweitar is aware of the hallucinogenic effect of LSD, discovered by Albert Hofmann in 1943. Slothrop, of course, has never head about it. Schweitar's "mournful" remark about the "wrong country" seems to be a complaint about Schwitzerland's neutrality and small market; the CIA and the U.S. Army used LSD in tests before it became a counter-culture fad.

==Page 261==
261.29
'''Gemüse-Brücke''' 
German: vegetable bridge; Gemüsebrücke, or Gmüesbrugg, is the traditional name for the Rathausbrücke (a vegetable market used to be here).

==Page 262==
262.5-6
'''Wilhelm Tell Overture''' 
From the Rossini opera by the same name. Slothrop would know this as the theme music for the ''Lone Ranger'' radio show which ran from 1933-1954 (also a Tube series from 1949-1957)--another 'western' reference. The Rossini thread is picked up here after Rue Rossini in Nice. Another escape from Their gaze.

262.6-7
'''hope nobody was looking through that one-way glass''' 
A recurrence of the "half-silvered images", introduced on the very first page; representing political power, which sees but cannnot be clearly seen. Sounds quite Foucauldian.

262.9
'''King Tiger tank''' 
''Königstiger'' (officially Panzerkampfwagen VI) was the most impressive German heavy tank in World War II, although it had several construction faults. Just like a Rolls, it was a kind of rarity; Porsche produced only 489 such tanks from late 1943 to March 1945. The comparison emphasizes the concept of WW II as a cluster of ambilateral business transactions.

Comparing the noise of the Rolls and the Königstiger, perhaps Pynchon also had the following episode of advertising history in mind: In 1959, David Ogilvy wrote an [http://www.suchradar.de/magazin/archiv/2014/1-2014/linkaufbau-advertorials-ogilvy-rolls-royce-magazine-ad.jpg ad for Rolls Royce]. Its headline ran: "At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Rolls Royce comes from the electric clock." Howard Gossage responded with an [http://swiped.co/file/60-miles-an-hour-land-rover-ad-by-howard-gossage/ ad for Land-Rover], stating: "At 60 miles an hour the loudest noise in this new Land-Rover comes from the roar of the engine." (And it goes on with a quote from novelist John Steinbeck.)

==Page 263==
263.20-21
'''The paper is fifteen years old.''' 
Another echo of COL 49, Ch 5, where another Hispanic anarchist, Jesús Arrabal has an issue of ''Regeneración'' from 1904 on his table at a greasy spoon.

==Page 264==
264.40-41
'''In ordinary times ... the center always wins. Its power grows with time, and that can't be reversed''' 
This is a combination of Max Weber's notion of center and periphery with the Second Law of thermodynamics. So "decentralizing" in "extraordinary times" (p. 265.1-2) is an act of "entropy management".

==Page 265==
265.24-25 '''connections of many years' standing with the Republican underground''' 
Meaning the Spanish Republic (1931-39), in which anarchists played a major role.

==Page 266==
266.3 '''corktips''' 
Cigarettes with a cork filter.

266.7 '''Spencer Tracy''' 
An American theatrical and film actor, who appeared in 74 films from 1930 to 1967. This reference is to his role as the African explorer Henry Stanley in the 1939 film ''Stanley and Livingston''.

266.11 '''Richard Halliburton''' 
An American traveler, adventurer, and author. Best known today for having swum the length of the Panama Canal, he was headline news for most of his brief career. His final and fatal adventure, an attempt to sail a Chinese junk, the Sea Dragon, across the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco, made him legendary.

266.23 '''Lowell Thomas''' 
An American writer, broadcaster, and traveller best known as the man who made Lawrence of Arabia famous. So varied were Thomas's activities that when it came time for the Library of Congress to catalog his memoirs they were forced to put them in "CT" ("biographies of subjects who do not fit into any other category") in their classification.

266.23-24 '''Rover and Motor Boys''' 
The Rover Boys and Motor Boys were two different series of popular adventure books for boys at the turn of the 20th century.

266.31 '''Cointrin''' 
Geneva's airport

266.37 '''City of Peace''' 
Geneva, so called for the number of peace treaties signed there due to Switzerland's status as 'neutral country'.

==Page 267==
267.35-36 '''Reformation country, Zwingli's town''' 
Yes but this only highlights a strange omission: even the narrator fails to notice that Slothrop has just visited the real birthplace of Puritanism, that is, Geneva.

==Page 268==
268.5-6
'''as a mantra... they have been taught to speak inwardly ''oss''''' 
Buddhist mantras start with the syllable ''om'', representing the Universe as inward vibration. ''Oss'', with the voiceless (non-vibrating) sibilant is apparently an anti-mantra meaning bones, representing Nothing, just the escape of air.

268.34-35
'''step by step he, It, the Repressed, approaches''' 
"It, the Repressed" is clearly Freudian terminology. Here, Jamf's "German-scientist mind, battered down by Death to only the most brute reflexes," seems to fade into Infant Tyrone's mind ''conditioned'' to the most brute reflexes by the German scientist; and that is the ambiguous "he" Slothrop is afraid of.
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==Page 578==
[[image:rottwang.jpg|thumb|150px|Rottwang in ''Metropolis''|right]]578.07-09 '''Klein-Rogge . . . ''Metropolis''''' 
While [[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]]’s first edition notes on the film, following Kracauer, are accurate, they overlook the importance of Rottwang’s role in the movie. Rottwang is the element of the irrational on which the entire rationalized bureaucratic system of the city is based. The mad inventor is responsible for the running of the city but lives in a small, organic-looking cottage, decorated with mystic symbols, and plans to bring down the very structure that he himself helped to create.

[[image:attila-the-hun.jpg|thumb|90px|Klein-Rogge as Attila the Hun|left]]578.31-33 '''Attila the Hun ... come west out of the steppes...''' 
See note at [[Pages 154-167#159|159.19]]. Pokler, drifting in and out of sleep at the movies, has trouble linking the details of ''Nibelungen'' together.

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==Page 189==
189.20 '''Grischa''' 
Diminutive of Grigori

189.30-31 '''another episode in some huge pathological dream of Stalin's''' 
Whether intended or not, this brought to mind the [http://paleotrope.wordpress.com/2006/09/13/solipsism-and-other-minds/ Dream of the Red King] in ''Alice in Wonderland''. People in Soviet Russia were real, like Alice, only in that they exist in the Red King's (Stalin) dreams. And as Alice learned, crying can only make matters worse: her tears cannot make her any more real and crying risks waking the king -- in which case, of course, no more Alice.

==Page 190==
190.8 '''pirozhok''' 
An individual-sized baked or fried bun stuffed with a variety of fillings; a pirog (plural pirogi) is a full-sized pie

190.23 '''RHIP''' 
"Rank has its privileges."

190.32 '''Wormwood Scrubs School Tie''' 
Wormwood Scrubs Prison, in London, was built by convicts in 1874; that Slothrop would wear a prison school tie says a lot about his (and Pynchon's) sense of humor. [http://inherent-vice.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=H#hptie Hand-painted ties] also feature in Inherent Vice.

==Page 192==
[[image:mark-sheridan.jpg|thumb|100px|Mark Sheridan|right]]192.15-16 '''humming "You Can Do a Lot of Things at the Seaside That You Can’t Do in Town"''' 
This pre-World War I British music hall tune was composed by Mark Sheridan. It appears as the "B" side of his recording of the early WWI song "Belgium Put the Kibosh on the Kaiser."

==Page 194==
194.6 '''Himmler-Spielsaal''' 
German: Himmler-Gameroom; named after Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS and a Nazi leader

194.6-7 '''chemin-de-fer''' 
French: 'railroad'; but in this case a version of Baccarat, as it was originally introduced in France

194.18 '''Choate''' 
A prep school in Wallingford, Connecticut; now known as Choate Rosemary Hall after a merger in 1971 of two eminent single-sex establishments.

==Page 198==
198.19-21 '''My little chickadee...gets in bed w-with that ''goat''?''' 
''My Little Chickadee'' (1940) is a Universal comedy/western motion picture starring [[W#maewest|Mae West]] and W. C. Fields. Fields (of course) ends up in bed with a goat. 
[http://video.anyclip.com/movies/my-little-chickadee/sleeping-with-a-goat/ Clip.]

==Page 200==
200.5-6 '''They are playing croquet.''' 

The surreal quality of a treed Slothrop landing in the midst of senior officers and plump ladies playing croquet brings to mind Alice playing [http://xahlee.org/p/alice/alice-ch08.html croquet] with the plump Queen of Hearts, the King of Hearts and their court in ''Alice in Wonderland''.

==Page 201==
201.5 '''Lawrence of Arabia''' 
Lawrence did not command regular troops in the Mediterranean Theatre, as described by Weisenburger, but led Arab partisan operations against the Turks during the war. The subaltern’s snide remarks to Slothrop echo the scene in David Lean's 1962 ''Lawrence of Arabia'' when Lawrence (Peter O'Toole) first appears at British headquarters in Cairo wearing Arab clothing.

==Page 203==
[[image:charles-coburn.jpg|thumb|100px|Charles Coburn|right]]203.34 '''Bwa-deboolong''' 
It is no wonder that Weisenburger cannot find a Bois de Boulogne in Monaco: The reference is actually to a turn-of-the-century music hall tune, "The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo," by Fred Gilbert. The persona of the song is a man who has recently returned to Paris after a streak of luck at the tables. The chorus:

:As I walk along the Bois de Boulogne 
:With an independent air, 
:You can hear the girls declare, 
:"There goes a millionaire!" 
:You can hear them sigh and wish to die, 
:You can see them wink the other eye 
:At the man who broke the bank at Monte Carlo.

The song crops up in several films, notably in Orson Welles’ ''The Magnificent Ambersons'' (1942). The song’s meter is also echoed in the "Vulgar Song" at p.213.20-30 and the song at p244.13-16. The song was made very popular by performer Charles Coborn, who was still making appearances at music halls until his death in 1945. Audio clips of Coborn performing are available [http://www.rfwilmut.clara.net/musichll/musich.html here].

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==Page 537==
537.16-17 '''big as pantechnicons''' 
That is, big as furniture vans. See [[Pages 17-19#19|19.30]].

537.33-34 '''Route One where it passes through the heart of Providence''' 
Per Google Maps, the current routing of U. S. 1 in downtown Providence, Rhode Island follows Broad Street, Franklin Street and Broadway (northbound) and Empire Street (southbound), Fountain (northbound) and Sabin Streets (southbound), Francis Street, Gaspee Street, Smith Street, and North Main Street. There's a crossover in La Salle Square where, for a few yards, the north- and southbound routes go in the same direction. (Not surprisingly, Mapquest and Bing Maps have slightly different routings).

==Page 540==
[[image:St_Just.jpg|thumb|Louis de Saint-Just|80px|right]]540.34 '''St.-Just Grossout''' 
"Grossout" is 60s slang for "disgusting," "repulsive." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Just Louis Antoine Leon de Saint-Just] was the French radical leader known as the "Conscience of the Revolution" for his egalitarian principles but he was also one of the harshest advocates of the Reign of Terror. Also see note at [[Pages 706-717#713|713.10]]

540.23 '''Rock-Scissors-and-Paper''' 
가위, 바위, 보 (pronounced Gah Wee Bah Wee Boh) is somewhat similar to ''Evens & Odds'' in terms of using hand signals to resolve an impasse but quite different in terms of application. Whereas ''Evens & Odds'' is used to expedite the choosing of sides, 가위, 바위, 보 is used to beguile the time when time is at a stagnant stand still as it often is when a stranger appears amongst our midst.

==Page 541==
541.21-22 '''a discredit to his people''' 
A play on the racistly condescending phrase "a credit to his people," usually indicating someone who meets official standards of behavior. In this case, a Welshman who can't sing.

==Page 542==
542.40 '''Lucifer Amp''' 
An electrical sort of person. "Lucifer" was the original name of the bright angel who rebelled and was expelled from Heaven to become Satan, but it has also been a name for a kind of match and a brand name for lightbulbs. "Amps" (after French physicist Andre Marie Ampere) are the units that measure the rate of flow of the charge in an electrical circuit. AMP, though, can also stand for adenosine monophosphate, a substance found in all animal cells and that controls the cell’s electrical activity.

This may also reference the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Barrett Syd Barrett] tune [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer_Sam "Lucifer Sam"], which was on the British group Pink Floyd's first, Barrett-led, album, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Piper_at_the_Gates_of_Dawn ''The Piper At The Gates of Dawn''] (1967).

==Page 544==

'''Gongylakis '''
Might be a variant on the name of [http://textiles.ucdavis.edu/laky/ Gyöngy Laky], a textile sculptor and arts professor, who was active in San Francisco when ''Gravity's Rainbow'' was written.

'''sufficient unto the day''' 
From [http://www.jesus-is-lord.com/matthew.htm#c6 The Gospel According to Saint Matthew: 6:34]. "Take therefore no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall
take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." (The New Testament of the King James Bible) In
[http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_81-96#Page_96 ''Against the Day''], Webb Traverse quotes it. Here, "They" update daily a list of those who will soon get 'hit' the evil thereof [the day].

==Page 545==
[[image:blowout.jpg|thumb|100px|right]]545.04-05 '''young Porky Pig holding out the anarchist’s bomb''' 
[[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]]’s cartoon history is more than a bit off in his note here. Porky Pig and Bugs Bunny would not have been featured in Walt Disney’s Comics and Stories because they were Warner Brothers characters. (Woody Woodpecker came from Walter Lantz’s studio.) Porky and Bugs were featured in ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies Comics'', starting with the first issue in 1941. Porky had been one of Warner Brothers’ most popular cartoon characters since his first appearance in "I Haven’t Got a Hat" in 1935 (made in 2-strip Technicolor; 3-color Technicolor cartoons with the pig did not appear until the early 1940s). The cartoon alluded to here is quite specific: "The Blow-Out" (1936), directed by Fred "Tex" Avery and animated by Sid Sutherland and Charles "Chuck" Jones. Porky’s voice is by Joe Dougherty, who dubbed the pig until he was replaced by the familiar voice of Mel Blanc in the late 1930s. In the cartoon, young Porky is earning money for ice-cream sodas by doing favors for people. Thinking that the shadowy "Mad Bomber" has lost his bomb, Porky keeps returning it until the inevitable explosion. This cartoon, a favorite of Pynchon’s, was originally mentioned to Oedipa by Mr. Thoth in ''The Crying of Lot 49'' and reoccurs as an image in the "Incident in the Transvestites Toilet" later in ''Gravity’s Rainbow''. See note at [[Pages 580-591#586|586.38-39]].

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==Page 174==
174.19 '''golliwog''' 
The Golliwog or Golliwogg is a blackfaced African American caricature created in the late 1800s. It is relatively unknown in the United States, but was historically very popular in Europe. Since the 1960s, the doll has become the subject of a great deal of controversy, with Europeans attempting to decide whether it is a valuable cultural artifact or a racist insult.online dictionary 

Golliwog was also World War II British naval slang for a Gauloise cigarette, which had tobacco which was nearly black in colour.

The American rock group Creedence Clearwater Revival was known as "The Golliwogs" and under this name they released a number of singles before
the 1970s.

In unofficial military parlance of some countries which has become less common nowadays, the term was used to indicate a piece of equipment that has been tuned, upgraded, and possibly customised to the point where it is no longer similar to the stock item it started as. The term stems from the fact that although the Golliwog itself was black – its standard form was featureless in a sense – it was always represented as decorated smartly with, for example, ribbons and bows. It could be said to be found always dressed up in finery; no Golliwog was ever seen dressed conservatively. 
Golliwog [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/golliwog]]

==Page 175==
175.13-14 '''...the Tommy...the Jerries...''' 
Tommy is a slang reference to British soldiers; Jerries is British slang for German soldiers or Germans in general; the two nouns in the song allude to the famous cartoon series ''Tom & Jerry.''
[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_%26_Jerry]]

175.16<div id="polythene">'''polythene'''</div>
polythene, adj., also known as "polyethelyne" or "polyethene", a common thermoplastic.

175.21 <div id="staccato">'''staccato'''</div>
staccato, n. musical term meaning detached or not connected, with the musical notation being small dots above or below the notes. Staccato is the opposite of slurred. The sound of the crowd's staccato singing possibly mimics the sound of a machine gun, referenced in the lines directly above.

175.35 '''she [Penelope] can see the crocheted shawl''' 
The most famous Penelope, of course, is in ''The Odyssey'', Odysseus' faithful wife who spent his time away weaving a shroud..and unweaving it at night.

==Page 176==
176.1 '''refraction''' 
time-forward allusion to a major element of ''Against the Day''?

176.38-39 '''Quisling molecules''' 
'traitorous molecules'; Quisling refers to Vidkun Quisling (1887–1945), a Norwegian fascist leader who collaborated with the Nazis and is regarded as Norway's most notorious traitor.

==Page 177==
177.27-28 '''Hark the herald angels sing: Mrs. Simpson's pinched our King...''' 
A schoolyard reworking of the Christmas carol. The second line refers to Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer, then Simpson (1896-1986), an American who married Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII. Edward abdicated the throne in order to marry this twice-divorced commoner.

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==Page 534==
[[image:cuddles.jpg|thumb|Cuddles Sakall|100px|right]]534.20 '''S.Z. ("Cuddles") Sakall''' 
The actor who played the headwaiter at Rick's café in ''Casablanca''.
[[image:freaks.jpg|thumb|Cleopatra in ''Freaks''|120px|left]]534.11 '''Freaks''' 
In the film’s unnerving conclusion, the freaks do not merely beat up Cleopatra, as described by [[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]], but chant "One of us!" as they transform her into a human chicken! The final image is one that is still omitted from some prints even after the film was re-released following decades of censorship.

==Page 535==
535.17 '''the element of Greed must be worked into the plot''' 
Possibly a reference to Greed, the mutilated film masterpiece directed by Eric von Stroheim in 1924. An adaptation of Frank Norris’ McTeague, von Stroheim's film originally ran for 10 hours. At the insistence of MGM producer Irving Thalberg, von Stroheim cut it back to four hours but that too was finally cut by the studio again. The remaining footage was destroyed.

535.26 '''It is a message, in code''' 
Related to how all of Pynchon's novels can be interpreted as (big) coded messages from the author.
:This "reading into" or seeing hidden messages in complex or confusing narratives strikes me, at least, as a major influence of drugs on this period of Pynchon's writing. The tripper tends to interpret whatever he sees around him as deeply important, bursting with meaning... coded or hidden messages... [[User:Bleakhaus|Bleakhaus]] 21:56, 12 June 2007 (PDT)

==Page 536==
536.16 '''a cork board... An introduction to Modern Herero, corporate histories''' 
Probably the strongest clue in identifying Osbie Feel as some kind of representation of Pynchon himself. The author must have written Gravity's Rainbow with the aid of such books, notes and clutter.

:Quite likely. Check out [[Osbie Feel|this thread]] from a mid-90s [http://waste.org/pynchon-l/ Pynchon List] discussion on this topic...

Pynchon's editor for GR was Corlies "Cork" Smith. (This is not correct - he edited "V" and "Lot49", and "acquired" GR for Viking according to his obituary [[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/24/books/corlies-smith-editor-of-allstar-authors-dies-at-75.html]]).

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==Page 139==
'''139.09 Dromond''' 
The word is defined by ''Webster’s New World English Dictionary'' as a "large, medieval, swift-sailing water ship."

'''139.14 the mummy’s curse''' 
An allusion to the supposed fate of the Carter-Carnarvon expedition that opened the tomb of Tut-ankh-Amen.

==Page 141==
'''141.21 Grand Hotel''' 
[[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] is likely incorrect in his identification of the Grand Hotel of Saltsjöbaden. The Grand Hôtel with its Nobel suite, is located in the center of Stockholm on the water opposite the Royal Palace and the Old City (Gamla Stan).

==Page 142==
'''142.32 Reichssieger von Thantatz Alpdrucken''' 
The name of the dog that Pointsman seeks translates loosely as "Realm of Victory over the Nightmare of Death." Dale Jack offers the following explanation and correction:

:"''Reichssieger'' could be translated simply as "champion" or "victor"; "Reichs" is the possessive prefix tacked on just about everything during Hitler's rule, and refers specifically the Third Reich. "Thantatz" should be spelled "Thanatz", as it is in ''GR'' (taken from the Greek word for death). "Von" in this case means "of" or "from" and implies that he induces, rather than vanquishes fear. "Von" in this context could also be a dig at the aristocracy. Your translation of "alpdrucken" is basically correct; it is actually the impression (''drucken'') of dread or fear one has during any bad dream, as opposed to an actual nightmare (''alptraum''). This gives another rough translation: The Reich's Deadly Night-terror Champion. The structure of the name mimics standard pedigree dogs' titles-breeder's kennel, given name, then owner's kennel. For example, Daisy Hill's Fluffy of Shady Lane."

Is this the same Weimaraner whose amber eye is pictured in the jigsaw puzzle fragment on Slothrop's desk? (cf. p.26) Is Slothrop somehow catching echoes ala PSI of Pointsman's dreams?

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==Page 93==
'''''Amanita muscaria''''' 
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria]

'''Destroying Angel''' 
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''. They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe... Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides''), they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroying_angel]

'''Dispossessed elves run around up on the roof, gibbering''' 
Appears Osbie is already tripping quite a bit here.

'''Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin''' 
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers]

'''Rizla''' 
French brand of rolling papers.

==Page 94==
'''Harvey Nicholls''' 
Harvey Nichols, founded in 1813, is an upmarket department store chain. Its original store is in London. Founded in 1813 as a linen shop, it sells many international brands of clothing for women and men, fashion accessories, beauty products, wine and food. Harvey Nichols attracts more younger shoppers than its rival Harrods. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Nichols]

'''''soignée''''' 
Of a woman: elegant, well-groomed, sophisticated. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soign%C3%A9e]

'''Der Kinderofen''' 
The child-oven

'''"the Rome-Berlin Axis"''' 
The "Rome-Berlin Axis" became a full military alliance in 1939 under the Pact of Steel, and the Tripartite Pact of 1940 fully integrated the military aims of Germany, Italy, and Japan. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome-Berlin_Axis]

'''old Märchen''' 
old fable, fairy tale

==Page 95==
'''NSB''' 
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland, NSB) was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands]

95.17 '''Wassenaar''' 
Wassenaar is in the Netherlands.

'''"Hexeszüchtigung"''' 
German: "Witch chastisement". Pynchon has either invented or misremembered this word. The correct form would be "Hexenzüchtigung", but it is in any case extremely rare, not part of the normal vocabulary of witch trials.

==Page 96==
'''this Northern and ancient form... the strayed children, the wood-wife in the edible house, the captivity, the fattening, the Oven...''' 
"Hansel and Gretel" (German: ''Hänsel und Gretel'', "Little John and Little Margaret") is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne-Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327, "The Children and the Ogre". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_%26_Gretel]

'''Dutch underground''' 
Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II can be mainly characterized by its prominent non-violence, summitting in over 300,000 people in hiding in the fall of 1944, tended to by some 60,000 to 200.000 illegal landlords and caretakers and tolerated knowingly by some 1 million people, including German occupiers and military. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_underground]

==Page 97==
'''the Spitfires''' 
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft which was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire continued to be used as a front line fighter and in secondary roles into the 1950s. It was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft, and was the only British fighter in production throughout the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire]

'''Mussert's people''' 
Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894, Werkendam, North Brabant – May 7, 1946) was one of the founders of the National Socialist Movement (NSB) in the Netherlands and its ''de jure'' leader. As such, he was the most prominent national socialist in the Netherlands before and during the Second World War. During the war, he was able to keep this position, due to the support he received from the Germans. After the war, he was convicted and executed for high treason. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussert]

'''Scheveningen''' 
Scheveningen is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict (wijk) of that city. Scheveningen is a modern seaside resort with a long sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier, and a lighthouse. The beach is popular for water sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. A nudist section is 1 km to the north. The harbor is used for both fishing and tourism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen]

'''Rilke''' 
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian–Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilke]

==Page 98==
98.16 '''Young Rauhandel''' 
A former friend of Blicero, probably a lover willing to indulge his sado-masochistic tastes. The name literally means "Rough Trade."

98.24 '''the Ufa-Theatre''' 
Weisenburger’s information on UFA is essentially correct, but he misgives Georg Wilhelm Pabst’s first name as "Rudolf." One curiosity in Pynchon's German film references is the lack of any mention of F.W. Murnau, perhaps the greatest director of that era. His films ''Nosferatu'' (the first film version of Dracula) and ''Faust'' would seem to be natural allusions for Pynchon to use.

Universum Film AG, better known as UFA or Ufa, is a film company that was the principal film studio in Germany, home of the German film industry during the Weimar Republic and through World War II, and a major force in world cinema from 1917 to 1945. After World War II, UFA continued producing movies and television programmes to the present day, making it the longest standing film company in Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG]

'''Friedrichstrasse''' 
The Friedrichstraße (lit. Frederick Street) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstrasse]

==Page 99==
99.2 '''Wandervogel''' 
German youth movement promoting a love of nature and the outdoors; see note [[W#wandervogel|here]]

A wanderer.

'''''Duino Elegies''''' 
The ''Duino Elegies'' (German ''Duineser Elegien'') are a set of ten elegies written in German by the poet Rainer Maria Rilke from 1912 to 1922. Rilke had been visiting Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis in the Duino castle near Trieste in January 1912 and, according to his own recounting, had taken a stroll near the castle, atop the steep cliffs that dropped down to the beach. Rilke said later he had heard a voice calling to him as he walked near the cliffs, and he had used its words as the opening... [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duino_Elegies]

'''the great Herero Rising''' 
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa (modern day Namibia), during the scramble for Africa. On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. In August, German general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_genocide]

==Page 100==
'''''Ndjambi Karunga''''' 
A deity to the Herero peoples, the supreme being. Thought to have created the world, put a tree on it from which humans emerged. Ndjambi returned to heaven. Is all-knowing & giver of blessings & kindness.

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
The Rhenish Missionary Society (''Rhenish'' - of the river ''Rhine'') was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society]

'''talion''' 
Retaliation.

'''clonic''' 
Pertaining to clonus; having irregular, convulsive spasms. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clonic]

'''Harz''' 
The Harz is the highest mountain range in northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The name ''Harz'' derives from the Middle High German word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (mountain forest). The legendary Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with a height of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within Lower Saxony. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz]

'''mandala''' 
Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". In the Hindu and Buddhist religious traditions their sacred art often takes a mandala form. The basic form of most Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point; each gate is in the shape of a T. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala]

==Page 101==
'''swastika''' 
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'', meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote good luck. It is composed of ''su-'' meaning "good, well" and ''asti'' "to be" ''svasti'' thus means "well-being." The suffix ''-ka'' either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and ''svastika'' might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika]

101.1-2 '''''In Hoc Signo Vinces''''' 
Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_hoc_signo_vinces "in this sign you will conquer."]. According to legend Constantine the Great adopted this Greek phrase, "εν τούτω νίκα", after his vision of a chi and rho on the sky just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 CE). He had his men paint the chi rho on their sheilds and led them all to victory. Thus did he become the Emperor of Rome and subsequently moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople (formerly Byzas, now Istanbul) and most important for the history of the west -- proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire.

In context in GR there are various possible meanings:
- The swastika, the broken cross at the mandala's center on the launch pad, the symbol of the Reich, shall win the war and proclaim a new empire -- the Third Reich which was to last a 1000 years -- which, come to think of it, was about as long as Constantinople was the center of the Roman, then Eastern Roman, then Byzantine (but always Christian) Empire (Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1459). Common to both Nazi and Constantine rendering is the interplay of the Cross/Swastika over the face of the sun.

- Subsequently, the phrase became the motto of the Sobieski line -- Jan III Sobieski having defeated the Ottomans in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna just outside the city's gates. The phrase has also been used by Irish nobility, the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, the Portuguese, the Knights Templars, Freemasons, and the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Which leads to the most amusing reading of the passage: whoever carved the words into the tree did so as a fraternity prank.

'''the Underground''' 
See page [[Pages 92-113#Page 96|96]].

'''''Erwartung''''' 
Anticipation

==Page 106==
[[image:white-zombie.jpg|thumb|100px|White Zombie|right]]106.34-37 '''White Zombie ... perhaps Dumbo''' 
Despite the connections with other forms of death-in-life that are referred to throughout ''Gravity’s Rainbow'', White Zombie is the only direct reference to [[image:dumbo.gif|thumb|80px|Dumbo|left]]zombies. That may be because the zombie myth is of black and African origin. Pynchon has carefully chosen the title to reflect his use of whiteness as the color of death. Although the depiction of the crows in ''Dumbo'' is clearly racist, they give the little elephant the "magic" feather that he thinks he needs (but really doesn’t) in order to fly. The Disney film will continue to be an important touchstone later in the novel when Slothrop meets Pig Bodine. Compare Pynchon's bitterly ironic use of the ''Dumbo'' reference at V135.02-07. Although it is not clear that Pynchon was aware of it, the B-17 bomber was nicknamed the "Dumbo" by American troops in the Pacific during World War II.

This contributor would bet a first edition hardcover of ''Gravity's Rainbow'' that Pynchon was aware of the "Dumbo". Even I knew it and I know next to nothing about WW II factually.[[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]] 13:40, 8 July 2007 (PDT)

==Page 108==
108 '''ic heb u liever dan ên everswîn''' 
These lines (English: "I love you more than a wild boar / even if it were made of fine gold") are from the 15th century Middle Dutch verse drama [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanseloet_van_Denemerken| Lanseloet van Denemerken] ("Lancelot of Denmark"). Precisely these two lines are quoted and discussed in Chapter 10 of Jacob Grimm's ''Deutsche Mythologie'', Vol. 1, p. 213 in the English translation ''Teutonic Mythology'', which must be Pynchon's source.

==Page 109==
109.9-11 '''freak saffrons, streaming indigos''' 
The isolated Dutchman going slowly mad under the southern sun, whose "very perceptions" are changed (and who writes numerous letters to his brother) seems to be a reference to Vincent Van Gogh; the kind of tacit anachronism that Pynchon likes to use in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ Mason & Dixon].

==Page 110==
110.6 '''This furious host...''' 
Evokes 'Wuotan and his mad army'; see notes [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]] and [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]]

==Page 111==
111.07-09 '''For as much as they are creatures of God and have the gift of rational discourse, acknowledging that only in his Word is eternal life to be found...''' 
Weisenburger suggests that this is a prayer for new colonial subjects, but the context Frans van der Groov’s hopes for a Conversion of the Dodos suggests that it comes from a discourse on the possibility of salvation or conversion for Jews or others. Given Katje’s problematic relationship to the Holocaust, the passage becomes even more suggestively sinister. The sentence does suggest the views of James (or Jacob) Arminius, the Dutch theologian who broke with the Dutch Reformed Church over issues of predestination and election. Arminius argued that Christ’s salvation was available to all in contrast to the official church's staunch belief in predestination. Frans would extend that grace to dodos as well. Also see note at [[Pages_549-557#555|555.29]].

{{GR PbP}}

R

2017-02-22T16:38:57Z

Skaar:

'''Radnichny''' 
353; impetuous and unstable practical joker in Weird Letter Assignment

'''R.A.F. Medmenham''' 
726; "techniques by which Constance Babington-Smith and her colleagues at R.A.F. Medmenham discovered the Rocket back in 1943 in recco photographs of Peenemünde"

<div id="rainbow"></div>'''rainbow''' 
the rising sun striking the rocket's exhaust, 6; "his rainbowed Valkyrie over Peenemünde" 151; "all around them were clouds, rainbows, drops of fire" 160; "the greengrocer is wishing on a rainbow today" 175; "the rainbow edges of what is almost on him" 203; "a rainbow-striped dirndl skirt" 208; "they move forever under it. . .as if it were the Rainbow" 209; "a peacock, courting, fanning his tail ... she saw it in the colors that moved in the flame as it rose off the platform, scarlet, orange, iridescent green" 223; "wild as a rainbow" 369; "the rainbow edge of the sound" 488; "It's a long rainbow, mostly [...] indigo and Kelly green" 524; "To purity of light--of bonds that sing,/And whips that trail their spectra as they fall" 532-33; Osbie "a sunburst in primary colors spiking out from his head" 536; "Slothrop sees a very thick rainbow" 626; "rainbow of sentinel ladies" 637; "beautiful Serpent, its coils in rainbow lashings" 721; "the great rainbow plumes" 722; "serpent coils that lash above the surface of the Earth in rainbow light" 726

'''Raketenflugplatz''' 
162-63; German: "rocket site"; the original Raketenflugplatz was an abandoned dump in Berlin where the VfR launched their rockets in the early 1930s; 416

'''Raketen-Stadt''' 
296; German: "Rocket-City"; created in the Mittelwerke by Ernst Ölsch (under Speer) "To Avoid Symmetry, Allow Complexity, Introduce Terror" 297; "these are the els and busses of an enormous transit system here in the Raketenstadt" 603; "plexiglass maps of the webs we maintain across the Zone" 660; and "the Floundering Four" 674; Daguerreotype of, taken by "a forgotten photographer [...] a habitué of mercury fumes" 725; "By now the city has grown so tall that elevators are long-haul affairs" 735

'''Rapallo Treaty''' 
166; Agreement between Soviet Russia and Germany which contained extensive trade agreements including the lifting of trade restrictions between the two countries, thus allowing Krupp to sell their steel machines to the Soviets. Germany's powerful right wing was enraged at the recognition given the new Communist regime and on June 24, 1922 Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau, who negotiated the treaty on Germany's behalf, was shot and killed in the street; 338; 352 See also [[#rathenau|Rathenau, Walter]]

'''Rapier, Father''' 
538; Jesuit preaching at double-agent convention/garden

'''ratchet''' 
"wordless ratcheting cue" 51; "off on a...ratchet of rooms" 257; "a ratcheting noise" 282; "dragging himself up the ratchet's teeth" 547; "ratcheting like a phone number being dialed" 607; "Bicycle riders ratcheted by" 611; "The nonstop revue crosses its stage. . .in an endless ratchet" 681; "CATCH" 759; See also [[F#film|film/cinema references]]

'''rates of change''' 
"To integrate here is to operate on a rate of change so that time falls away: change is stilled" 301; "a train of imperceptible light and dark" 642; See also [[D#deltat|delta-t]]

'''Rathaus''' 
German: "town-hall"; in Nordhausen, 333

'''Rathenau, Walter (d. 1922)''' 
163; German foreign minister who was assassinated; "prophet and architect of cartelized state" 164; seance of, 163-65; during WWI "was ramrodding the whole economy" 284; dealt the Rapallo Treaty ("elaborate piece of theatre" - 352) with Tchitcherine's father, 338; 581; 590; 616; See also Rapallo Treaty; [Sasuly's IG Farben]

'''Rat Ilya''' 
229; rat at White Visitation

'''Rauhandle''' 
98; Blicero's athletic young friend/lover(?) "how many years back into the peace"

'''Raum, Natasha''' 
712; quoted regarding the "Hydra-Phänomen" and Slothrop's plucking-of-self, in her "'Regions of Indeterminacy in Albatross Anatomy,' Proceedings of the International Society of Confessors to an Enthusiasm for Albatross Nosology"

'''Ravenna''' 
564; coastal northern Italian city

'''Ray''' 
256; U.S. MP in Nice outside Slothrop's door

'''Rebecca''' 
155; "Jewess" comrade of Leni's in KDP

'''recco photos''' 
232; Reconnaissance photographs; 240

'''Reed, Ishmael (b. 1938)''' 
588; American novelist

'''Reed, Maurice ("Saxophone")''' 
9; at Pirate's maisonette

'''Reeperbahn''' 
652; in the district of Saint Pauli in Hamburg, a notorious street of ill-repute (where the Beatles played before getting famous) where Byron is traded to a prostitute

'''Reformation''' 
267; The 16th century revolution (a Counterforce) that took place in the Western church, due primarily to the Catholic church's loss of spiritual credibility as a result of its increasing material wealth and power. See also Counterforce; Zwingli, Huldrych

'''Regents Park Zoo''' 
121; in London

'''Reichsbank''' 
284; Germany's leading financial institution.

'''Reichstag building''' 
368; in Berlin, shelled out and resembling a giant shitting ape

'''Reinickendorf''' 
154; a neighborhood in Berlin encompassing the northwest of the city area, including the Berlin-Tegel Airport, Lake Tegel, spacious settlements of detached houses as well as housing estates; Pökler "reported to the rocket facility at"

'''Reithinger, Dr.''' 
According to Sasuly, Reithinger, who worked as director of statistics in NW7 under Ilgner, "had been considered one of the outstanding statisticians of Germany. [He] had traveled in many countries [...] and in each country met with leading statisticians and economists on a basis of scientific interest and arranged the exchange of satistical data." (p.98); his VOWI office was the Statistical Department of NW7, 630

'''religion''' 
"something vaguely religious" 66; Chain of Being, 77; "every true god must be both organizer and destroyer" 99; "God is creator and destroyer, sun and darkness, all sets of opposites brought together" 100; "rocket-mysticism" 154; "presence of the Creator much more direct" 214; "Judaized" 219; Krishna, 276; "ice-saints" 281; "There may be no gods, but there is a pattern" 322; Chance = God, 323, 613; "Allah has smiled on us" 365; "breath of God" 454; God's signature, 463; Manichaean, 631, 727; always about death, 701; Pan, 720; Buddha, 733; "By all the holy names of God" 734; See also [[P#puritans|Puritans]]; [[C#christianity|Christianity]]; [[H#hand|Hand of Providence/God]]; [[Islam]]

<div id="return"></div>'''Return, Cycle of''' 
"Nature does not know extinction, all it knows is transformation" 1; "Death is a debt to nature due" 26; "lapsing back now to green wilderness" 28; toothpaste tube "waiting now--its true return--to be melted for solder" 130; "The real movement is not from death to any rebirth. It is from death to death-transfigured" 166; "some teeming cycle of departure and return" 198; "no cycles, no returns" 318; to the Center (Hereros), 319; "men turning to coal" 351; 412; serpent eating its tail, 413; Slothrop's transmutation dream about Greta, 447; Bicycle Rider in the Sky, 501; trees growing through cracks at Peenemünde, 502; Slothrop's Rider (celestial cyclist), 509; serpentine, 520; "restore us to our Earth and to our freedom" 525; "unclipped topiary hedges, growing back into reality" 535; "a Jesuit [...] here to preach, like his colleague Teilhard de Chardin, against return" 539; "at least the physical things They have taken, from Earth and from us, can be dismantled, demolished--returned to where it all came from" 540; "To affirm Their mortality is to affirm Return" 540; 560; Destiny, 576; "that familiar division between return and one-shot visitation" 584; wheels in the sky, 620; Cosmic windmill, 624; "They took us at the gates of green return" 627; "cables lay rusting across the sodden meadows, going to flakes, to ions and earth" 627; "prehistoric wastes. . .transmuted to the very substance of History" 639; windmill, 670; Serpent/Pan, 720-21; America, 722-23; 726; garbage trucks, 757; See also [[C#counterforce|Counterforce]]; [[C#center|Center]]; [[E#excrement|excrement]]; [[M#mandala|mandala]]; [[S#serpent|serpent]]

'''Reunion''' 
110; the only other island where van der Groov knew there were Dodoes

'''Rexist''' 
Rexist Movement was formed in 1930 by Léon Degrelle, allegedly to eliminate political contamintion of the Roman Catholic religion. From a wing of the ruling Catholic Party, the Rexist Movement evolved into an opposition party and, under Degrelle's guidance, elected 21 deputies to the Belgian Parliament in 1936. With the aid of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, Degrelle turned the Rexists into a fascist organization; Louis Borgesius attended their meetings, 546; See also NSB credentials

'''Reyes, Cipriano''' 
383; "intervened for" G. Portales once

'''Rheinelbe Union''' 
284; combined by Stinnes into a super-cartel with Siemens-Schuchert after WWI;

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
100; in South-West Africa, 315; 316;

'''Reynolds, Osborne (1842-1912)''' 
453; A prominent Irish innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics. Lent his name to the Reynolds number, a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

'''RHIP''' 
190; Rank Has Its Privileges; 448

'''''Rigoletto''''' 
132.21; An opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. It was first performed at La Fenice in Venice on March 11, 1851. It is considered by many to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career.

'''Riickert, Helen''' 
381; "a blond with a Dutch surname" competing for Miss Rheingold 1946

'''Rijkswijksche Bosch''' 
113; in Holland, where film of Schwarzkommando will be "discovered" in fake ruins of rocket-firing site

<div id="rilke">'''Rilke, Rainer Maria (d. 1926)'''</div>
[[image:Rilke.gif|left]]97-99; German philosopher/poet; "Want the change; O be inspired by the Flame"; Duino Elegies, 99; "mountainside gentian of Nordic colors" 101; "anti-Rilke" 102; "Tenth-Elegy angel" 341; "Once, only once. . ." 413; 516; "If we are here once, only once [...]" 539; "To the rushing water speak, I am" 622; "poem about the Leid-Stadt" ["Pain-City" - See: 98-99], 644; [[M#mustache|mustache]], 711; See also [[G#germans|Germans]]

'''rinderpest''' 
317; "cattle dead of" 323;

'''Rinso, Lieutenant''' 
449; Charles' paranoia that Rinso's plotting to murder him, on the Toiletship

'''Rioja, La''' 
612; a wasteland "on the eastern slopes of the Andes" where Correa was found dead

'''Ripov, Nikolai''' 
700; of Commissariat for Intelligence Activities; checks up on Tchitcherine; during Tchitcherine's haunting, 703; 719

'''Rippenstoss, Heinz''' 
167; German: "kick in the groin" (or "nudge in the ribs"); "irrepressible Nazi wag and gadabout" at Rathenau seance and asker of the question "Is God really Jewish?"

'''Rivadavia''' 
263; "where the true South begins" in Argentina; From "The South" in the short story collection Ficciones by Jorge Luis Borges (Grove Press, 1962, p. 169):

:"Every Argentine knows that the South begins at the other side of Rivadavia. Dahlmann was in the habit of saying that this was no mere convention, that whoever crosses this street enters a more ancient and sterner world."

Avenida Rivadavia, in Buenos Aires, is an immensely long street (Porteños claim it is the longest in the world) which runs east to west for nearly two hundred blocks from Plaza de Mayo to Morón, outside the city limits.

'''Rizla liquorice cigarette paper''' 
93; [http://www.rizla.co.uk/ Rizla Website]

'''Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugène (1805-1871)''' 
French magician considered to be the father of modern conjuring. The first magician to use electricity, he also improved the signalling method for the "thought transference" trick. Harry Houdini named himself after Robert-Houdin; "the great conjurer" 675

'''Robin''' 
59; childhood friend recalled by Jessica

'''Robot Blitz''' 
85; German buzz bomb (aka "robot bomb" and "V-1") attack on London

'''Roca, Gen. Julio Argentino''' 
Roca distinguished himself militarily with victories in the "Indian wars" (ending in 1879), opening up the pampas to settlement by whites and turning him into a political hero which he parlayed into his election as president in 1880; "campaign to open the pampas by exterminating the people who live there" 387

'''Rocket''' 
incoming mail, 6; A4, 8, 396, 406, 411, 464; farting buzzbombs, 21; "explode first. . .then you hear them coming in" 23; "slender church steeples" 29 (& 624); "a piece of time neatly snipped out" 48; "a rocket has suddenly struck" 59; V-1 and V-2, 86; "the sounds of V-1 and V-2, one the reverse of the other" 144; premonitions in Psi section, 146; "rocket-mysticism" 154; "between the two points, in the five minutes, it lives an entire life." 209; assembly at Mittelwerke, 304; "Germans [...] who called the rocket Der Phau ["the peacock"], 223; "terrible passage reduced. . .to bourgeois terms" 239; Slothrop's discovery of blueprint, 242; and manhood, 324; "hidden inside the summer Zone, the Rocket is waiting" 359; 5 launching switch positions, 361; cult of A4 (A: "aggregate"), 391; Pökler's dreams of, 399; leading to freedom of outerspace, 400; money v. dreams, 400; Pökler as an extension of, 402; as fat Japanese arrow, 403; A3, 406; growing towards a predestined shape (Schicksal), 416; A5, 416; mapped on to face, 423; A4 test sites moved to Blizna, Poland in '43 - Sarnaki is Ground Zero, 424; problem rockets--"reluctant virgins" 426; 10K pounds sterling, 438; "half bullet, half arrow" 453; charisma of, 464; "the kingly voice of the Aggregate" 470; Rocket Noon, 500; fins=mandala, 563 (illus. 624); "The sand-colored churchtops [...] like rocket fins guiding the streamlined spires" 624; "A4. . .concealed behind an uncrossable wall that separated real pain and terror from summoned deliverer." 666; 673; firing vectors, 706; "Rocket state-cosmology" 726; "Rocket as Torah" 727; "an evil Rocket for the World's suicide" 727; "it comes as the Revealer" 728; Goebbels' "avenger" 747; origin of countdown, 753; See also [http://www.constable.ca/v2.htm V2 Page] - very good; [[S#schwartzgerat|Schwarzgerät]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_rocket V-1 Rocket at Wikipedia] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket V-2 Rocket at Wikipedia]

'''Rocketman (aka Raketemensch, aka Slothrop)''' 
359; a comic book character from the '40s and Tyrone's alter-ego; 366; comic-book dialogue, 371; 376; exists in nongeographical space ("Providence's little pal"), 379; war cry: "Hauptstufe" - "leaps broad highways in a single bound!" 380; "Fickt nicht mit der Raketemensch!" 436; 512; 596; "You poor fucker." 741

'''Rohmer, Sax (c.1883-1959)''' 
Sax Rohmer, aka Arthur Sarsfield Wade, was an internationally popular British writer who created the evil genius Fu Manchu, the Chinese hero-villain of many novels. Dr. Fu Manchu (1913) was the first in the series of which there were several more over the next 45 years, over which time Fu Manchu evolved from an entirely self-serving villain into a dedicated anti-Communist; "great Manichaean saga" 641

'''Rohr''' 
681; German: "tube" or "pipe"; Jehovah's witness who is "Keeper of the Antenna" for Germans to communicate with U-boats

'''Rommel, Erwin (1891-1944)''' 
Aka the "Desert Fox," Rommel is most famous for commanding the Afrika Korps in North Africa in 1941, driving the British out of Libya and into Egypt. Anglo-American forces finally compelled his surrender in Tunisia in 1943. He escaped and commanded German forces in Italy and then in northern France preparing for the Allied invasion of 1944. Seeing the writing on the wall, he begged Hitler to end the war. Although innocent, he was implicated in the July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler and opted for suicide over arrest and a sure conviction; "Old Blood 'n' Guts" handed Rommel's ass to him in the desert" 287

'''Rooney, Mickey''' 
Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule, Jr.; September 23, 1920) is an American film actor and entertainer whose film, television, and stage appearances span nearly his entire lifetime. During his career he has won multiple awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character in a series of 16 films. seen by Slothrop, 382; 438

'''Roosevelt, Eleanor (1882-1962)''' 
The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor was a social-activist first lady during his presidency. After his death, she held various posts in the United Nations; Chiclitz's "Eleanor Roosevelt routine. 'The othuh day, my son Idiot--uh, Eliot--and I, were baking cookies'" 566

'''Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945)''' 
32nd president (Democrat) of the U.S., 1932-45. He started the "New Deal" program in 1933 to combat the Great Depression, which involved abandoning the gold standard, devaluing the dollar, state intervention in the credit market, agricultural price support, and the passage of the Social Security Act (1935) which provided for old-age and unemployment insurance;135; Third Term, 270; "died back in the spring [12 April]" 373; "it seemed he'd just keep getting elected, term after term, forever. But somebody had decided to change that. So he was put to sleep" 374; "a being They assembled, a being They would dismantle" 374; caricature of on Toiletship, 450; "'Mister Swope was ace buddies with old'" 565; "Roosevelt's 'election' in 1932" 581; "Harvard, beholden to all kinds of money old and new, commodity and retail" 581

<div id="rorschach"></div>'''Rorschach Test''' 
The Rorschach inkblots were developed by a Swiss psychiatrist, Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922), in an effort to reduce the time required in psychiatric diagnosis. His test consists of 10 cards, half in color and half in black and white. The subject is shown the 10 blots one at a time, the task being to describe what she sees in the blots or what they remind her of. There are no right or wrong answers; "'a so-called, "projec-tive" test'" 81; See also [[P#paranoia|paranoia/connectedness]]

'''Rosas, Juan Manuel de (1793-1877)''' 
After losing an Argentinian election in 1835, Rosas led a revolt and ruled as dictator, through terror and bloodshed, from 1835 to 1852; "The tyrant Rosas has been dead a century, but his cult flourishes" 264

'''Rose''' 
680; woman around a fire in the "dingy yellow amphitheatre"

'''Roseland Ballroom''' 
63; in Boston--where Slothrop drops his harmonica down the toilet in the men's room while vomiting; 623; 688

<div id="rossini">'''Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio (1792-1868)'''</div>
Italian composer of light comic opera and pleasant, melodious, crowd-pleasing music; "an abbreviated version of ''L'Inutil Precauzione'' (that imaginary opera with which Rosina seeks to delude her guardian in ''The Barber of Seville'')" 204; Rue Rossini, 248, 253, 257; ''William Tell Overture'' 262; overture to ''La Gazza Ladra'', [[Beethoven & Rossini|vs. Beethoven]], 273, 440; his music: "love without payment of any kind" 274; 376; "'The Italian girl is in Algiers, the Barber's in the crockery, the magpie's stealing everything in sight! The World is rushing together. . .'" 440; "Rossini [...] full of light and kindness" 622; "long-suppressed Rossini violin concerto (op. posth.)" 684; "Now I know it's not as keen as old Rossini [snatch of La Gazza Ladra here]" 685

'''Rossokovski''' 
501; left Peenemünde with White Russian Army; 504

'''rösti''' 
258;

<div id="routinization"></div>'''Routinization/ Rationalization of Charisma''' 
concept developed by Max Weber; Führer-principle, 81; "there should be no room for a terrible disease like charisma" 81; "we'll have shown again the stone determinacy [...] of every soul" 86; "Pavlov believed the ideal [...] is the true mechanical explanation" 89; "scrubbed and routinized fingers" 91; "cage his old gods, snare them in words" 99; "that vaguely criminal face on your ID card, its soul snatched by the government camera as the guillotine shutter fell" 134; "another long-routinezed nudge of horn, flip of hoof" 142; "Destiny will betray you, crush your ideals, deliver you into the same detestable Bürgerlichkeit as your father [...] fly from pain to duty, from joy to work, from commitment to neutrality." 162; "death-by- government" 176; "the rationalized power-ritual that will be the coming peace" 177; 201; "well before he loses his innocence and becomes one of them" 205; "There's just no passion at all" 216; "the Rocket's terrible passage reduced. . .to bougeois terms" 239; "dusty Dracularity, the West's ancient curse" 263; of Mittelwerke, 295; 324; 325; N.T.A., 339; writing down ajtys, 357; 416; A4's charisma, 464; routinization of sex, 467-68; "bureaucracy of departure" 470; "verbal, ranked and uniformed" 478; 508; 525; topiary, 535; "when the rages came over him, breaking through from beneath the rationalized look" 579; "the Masons had long, long degenerated into just another businessmen's club" 588; "grim rationalizing of the world" 588; Magician and the magical mandrake root, 625; "vague excitement at break in routine" 651; "You are perverting a great discovery to the uses of commerce" 665; keying waves, 698; Hexes-Stadt (you either become a bureaucrat or choose the world), 718; "the only enterprise is administrating" 718; "'Technique is just a substitute for when you get older'" 718; "The routines go on" 721; "Passageways of routine" 724; "The heroes will go on, kicked upstairs to oversee the development of bright new middle-line personnel" 752; [Attempting to impose order on GR]; See also [[C#control|control]]; [[G#grid|grid]]; [[M#mmpi|MMPI]]; [[N#naming|naming]]; [[#rorschach|Rorschach Test]]; [[Routinization of Charisma]]

'''Rowena''' 
200; one of two ladies with the General playing croquet as Slothrop falls from the tree, draped in a purple sheet

'''Royal Fellow''' 
37; "Royal Fellow-baiting" 171;

'''Rozhdestvenski, Admiral''' 
349-51; in December 1904, "command[ed] a fleet of 42 Russian men-o'-war" into the South African port of Lüderitzbucht" with Tchitcherine's father on board; "1904 was when Admiral Rozhdestvenski sailed his fleet halfway around the world to relieve Port Arthur" 452

'''Rózsavölgyi, Dr. Géza''' 
79; (Hungarian: "of the pink valley" [incorrect?: wiki for 79.18 has "Valley of Roses"]); Hungarian; works in ARF wing;aka "Rosie" 80; violently anti-Soviet; "still with the project" 273; at Twelfth House, 632-35; son of Sandor the bulb salesman in Transylvania, 647; 692

'''Rózsavölgyi, Sandor''' 
647; father of Géza, "ace [lightbulb] salesman [...] who covered all the Transylvanian territory"

'''Rücksichtslos''' 
German: "inconsiderate" or "ruthless"); See Toiletship

'''Rudi''' 
155; "La Boheme Student" comrade of Leni's in KPD; 156; 158

'''Rundstedt offensive''' 
52; Gerd von Rundstedt (1875-1953) was one of Adolf Hitler's ablest military leaders in World War II. In 1944, this German field marshal directed the Ardennes offensive (Battle of the Bulge). General Dwight D. Eisenhower called him the ablest of the German generals of World War II. 131

'''RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS''' [thanks to our Russian correspondent, Comrade Alexis B.]

:340: '''lepeshka:''' a bread roll, often made of a blend of rye and wheat flours

:512: '''budka:''' booth (traffic police in Moscow patrol from raised booths that look out over the street, which are called budkas)

:513: '''pogoni:''' the bars on the shoulders of military uniforms from which dangle the stars, tassles, &c. ''' 

{{GR Alpha Nav}}

R

2017-02-22T16:35:47Z

Skaar:

'''Radnichny''' 
353; impetuous and unstable practical joker in Weird Letter Assignment

'''R.A.F. Medmenham''' 
726; "techniques by which Constance Babington-Smith and her colleagues at R.A.F. Medmenham discovered the Rocket back in 1943 in recco photographs of Peenemünde"

<div id="rainbow"></div>'''rainbow''' 
the rising sun striking the rocket's exhaust, 6; "his rainbowed Valkyrie over Peenemünde" 151; "all around them were clouds, rainbows, drops of fire" 160; "the greengrocer is wishing on a rainbow today" 175; "the rainbow edges of what is almost on him" 203; "a rainbow-striped dirndl skirt" 208; "they move forever under it. . .as if it were the Rainbow" 209; "a peacock, courting, fanning his tail ... she saw it in the colors that moved in the flame as it rose off the platform, scarlet, orange, iridescent green" 223; "wild as a rainbow" 369; "the rainbow edge of the sound" 488; "It's a long rainbow, mostly [...] indigo and Kelly green" 524; "To purity of light--of bonds that sing,/And whips that trail their spectra as they fall" 532-33; Osbie "a sunburst in primary colors spiking out from his head" 536; "Slothrop sees a very thick rainbow" 626; "rainbow of sentinel ladies" 637; "beautiful Serpent, its coils in rainbow lashings" 721; "the great rainbow plumes" 722; "serpent coils that lash above the surface of the Earth in rainbow light" 726

'''Raketenflugplatz''' 
162-63; German: "rocket site"; the original Raketenflugplatz was an abandoned dump in Berlin where the VfR launched their rockets in the early 1930s; 416

'''Raketen-Stadt''' 
296; German: "Rocket-City"; created in the Mittelwerke by Ernst Ölsch (under Speer) "To Avoid Symmetry, Allow Complexity, Introduce Terror" 297; "these are the els and busses of an enormous transit system here in the Raketenstadt" 603; "plexiglass maps of the webs we maintain across the Zone" 660; and "the Floundering Four" 674; Daguerreotype of, taken by "a forgotten photographer [...] a habitué of mercury fumes" 725; "By now the city has grown so tall that elevators are long-haul affairs" 735

'''Rapallo Treaty''' 
166; Agreement between Soviet Russia and Germany which contained extensive trade agreements including the lifting of trade restrictions between the two countries, thus allowing Krupp to sell their steel machines to the Soviets. Germany's powerful right wing was enraged at the recognition given the new Communist regime and on June 24, 1922 Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau, who negotiated the treaty on Germany's behalf, was shot and killed in the street; 338; 352 See also [[#rathenau|Rathenau, Walter]]

'''Rapier, Father''' 
538; Jesuit preaching at double-agent convention/garden

'''ratchet''' 
"wordless ratcheting cue" 51; "off on a...ratchet of rooms" 257; "a ratcheting noise" 282; "dragging himself up the ratchet's teeth" 547; "ratcheting like a phone number being dialed" 607; "Bicycle riders ratcheted by" 611; "The nonstop revue crosses its stage. . .in an endless ratchet" 681; "CATCH" 759; See also [[F#film|film/cinema references]]

'''rates of change''' 
"To integrate here is to operate on a rate of change so that time falls away: change is stilled" 301; "a train of imperceptible light and dark" 642; See also [[D#deltat|delta-t]]

'''Rathaus''' 
German: "town-hall"; in Nordhausen, 333

'''Rathenau, Walter (d. 1922)''' 
163; German foreign minister who was assassinated; "prophet and architect of cartelized state" 164; seance of, 163-65; during WWI "was ramrodding the whole economy" 284; dealt the Rapallo Treaty ("elaborate piece of theatre" - 352) with Tchitcherine's father, 338; 581; 590; 616; See also Rapallo Treaty; [Sasuly's IG Farben]

'''Rat Ilya''' 
229; rat at White Visitation

'''Rauhandle''' 
98; Blicero's athletic young friend/lover(?) "how many years back into the peace"

'''Raum, Natasha''' 
712; quoted regarding the "Hydra-Phänomen" and Slothrop's plucking-of-self, in her "'Regions of Indeterminacy in Albatross Anatomy,' Proceedings of the International Society of Confessors to an Enthusiasm for Albatross Nosology"

'''Ravenna''' 
564; coastal northern Italian city

'''Ray''' 
256; U.S. MP in Nice outside Slothrop's door

'''Rebecca''' 
155; "Jewess" comrade of Leni's in KDP

'''recco photos''' 
232; Reconnaissance photographs; 240

'''Reed, Ishmael (b. 1938)''' 
588; American novelist

'''Reed, Maurice ("Saxophone")''' 
9; at Pirate's maisonette

'''Reeperbahn''' 
652; in the district of Saint Pauli in Hamburg, a notorious street of ill-repute (where the Beatles played before getting famous) where Byron is traded to a prostitute

'''Reformation''' 
267; The 16th century revolution (a Counterforce) that took place in the Western church, due primarily to the Catholic church's loss of spiritual credibility as a result of its increasing material wealth and power. See also Counterforce; Zwingli, Huldrych

'''Regents Park Zoo''' 
121; in London

'''Reichsbank''' 
284; Germany's leading financial institution.

'''Reichstag building''' 
368; in Berlin, shelled out and resembling a giant shitting ape

'''Reinickendorf''' 
154; a neighborhood in Berlin encompassing the northwest of the city area, including the Berlin-Tegel Airport, Lake Tegel, spacious settlements of detached houses as well as housing estates; Pökler "reported to the rocket facility at"

'''Reithinger, Dr.''' 
According to Sasuly, Reithinger, who worked as director of statistics in NW7 under Ilgner, "had been considered one of the outstanding statisticians of Germany. [He] had traveled in many countries [...] and in each country met with leading statisticians and economists on a basis of scientific interest and arranged the exchange of satistical data." (p.98); his VOWI office was the Statistical Department of NW7, 630

'''religion''' 
"something vaguely religious" 66; Chain of Being, 77; "every true god must be both organizer and destroyer" 99; "God is creator and destroyer, sun and darkness, all sets of opposites brought together" 100; "rocket-mysticism" 154; "presence of the Creator much more direct" 214; "Judaized" 219; Krishna, 276; "ice-saints" 281; "There may be no gods, but there is a pattern" 322; Chance = God, 323, 613; "Allah has smiled on us" 365; "breath of God" 454; God's signature, 463; Manichaean, 631, 727; always about death, 701; Pan, 720; Buddha, 733; "By all the holy names of God" 734; See also [[P#puritans|Puritans]]; [[C#christianity|Christianity]]; [[H#hand|Hand of Providence/God]]; [[Islam]]

<div id="return"></div>'''Return, Cycle of''' 
"Nature does not know extinction, all it knows is transformation" 1; "Death is a debt to nature due" 26; "lapsing back now to green wilderness" 28; toothpaste tube "waiting now--its true return--to be melted for solder" 130; "The real movement is not from death to any rebirth. It is from death to death-transfigured" 166; "some teeming cycle of departure and return" 198; "no cycles, no returns" 318; to the Center (Hereros), 319; "men turning to coal" 351; 412; serpent eating its tail, 413; Slothrop's transmutation dream about Greta, 447; Bicycle Rider in the Sky, 501; trees growing through cracks at Peenemünde, 502; Slothrop's Rider (celestial cyclist), 509; serpentine, 520; "restore us to our Earth and to our freedom" 525; "unclipped topiary hedges, growing back into reality" 535; "a Jesuit [...] here to preach, like his colleague Teilhard de Chardin, against return" 539; "at least the physical things They have taken, from Earth and from us, can be dismantled, demolished--returned to where it all came from" 540; "To affirm Their mortality is to affirm Return" 540; 560; Destiny, 576; "that familiar division between return and one-shot visitation" 584; wheels in the sky, 620; Cosmic windmill, 624; "They took us at the gates of green return" 627; "cables lay rusting across the sodden meadows, going to flakes, to ions and earth" 627; "prehistoric wastes. . .transmuted to the very substance of History" 639; windmill, 670; Serpent/Pan, 720-21; America, 722-23; 726; garbage trucks, 757; See also [[C#counterforce|Counterforce]]; [[C#center|Center]]; [[E#excrement|excrement]]; [[M#mandala|mandala]]; [[S#serpent|serpent]]

'''Reunion''' 
110; the only other island where van der Groov knew there were Dodoes

'''Rexist''' 
Rexist Movement was formed in 1930 by Léon Degrelle, allegedly to eliminate political contamintion of the Roman Catholic religion. From a wing of the ruling Catholic Party, the Rexist Movement evolved into an opposition party and, under Degrelle's guidance, elected 21 deputies to the Belgian Parliament in 1936. With the aid of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, Degrelle turned the Rexists into a fascist organization; Louis Borgesius attended their meetings, 546; See also NSB credentials

'''Reyes, Cipriano''' 
383; "intervened for" G. Portales once

'''Rheinelbe Union''' 
284; combined by Stinnes into a super-cartel with Siemens-Schuchert after WWI;

'''Rhenish Missionary Society''' 
100; in South-West Africa, 315; 316;

'''Reynolds, Osborne (1842-1912)''' 
453; A prominent Irish innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics. Lent his name to the Reynolds number, a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

'''RHIP''' 
190; Rank Has Its Privileges; 448

'''''Rigoletto''''' 
132.21; An opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. It was first performed at La Fenice in Venice on March 11, 1851. It is considered by many to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career.

'''Riickert, Helen''' 
381; "a blond with a Dutch surname" competing for Miss Rheingold 1946

'''Rijkswijksche Bosch''' 
113; in Holland, where film of Schwarzkommando will be "discovered" in fake ruins of rocket-firing site

<div id="rilke">'''Rilke, Rainer Maria (d. 1926)'''</div>
[[image:Rilke.gif|left]]97-99; German philosopher/poet; "Want the change; O be inspired by the Flame"; Duino Elegies, 99; "mountainside gentian of Nordic colors" 101; "anti-Rilke" 102; "Tenth-Elegy angel" 341; "Once, only once. . ." 413; 516; "If we are here once, only once [...]" 539; "To the rushing water speak, I am" 622; "poem about the Leid-Stadt" ["Pain-City" - See: 98-99], 644; [[M#mustache|mustache]], 711; See also [[G#germans|Germans]]

'''rinderpest''' 
317; "cattle dead of" 323;

'''Rinso, Lieutenant''' 
449; Charles' paranoia that Rinso's plotting to murder him, on the Toiletship

'''Rioja, La''' 
612; a wasteland "on the eastern slopes of the Andes" where Correa was found dead

'''Ripov, Nikolai''' 
700; of Commissariat for Intelligence Activities; checks up on Tchitcherine; during Tchitcherine's haunting, 703; 719

'''Rippenstoss, Heinz''' 
167; German: "kick in the groin" (or "nudge in the ribs"); "irrepressible Nazi wag and gadabout" at Rathenau seance and asker of the question "Is God really Jewish?"

'''Rivadavia''' 
263; "where the true South begins" in Argentina; From "The South" in the short story collection Ficciones by Jorge Luis Borges (Grove Press, 1962, p. 169):

:"Every Argentine knows that the South begins at the other side of Rivadavia. Dahlmann was in the habit of saying that this was no mere convention, that whoever crosses this street enters a more ancient and sterner world."

Avenida Rivadavia, in Buenos Aires, is an immensely long street (Porteños claim it is the longest in the world) which runs east to west for nearly two hundred blocks from Plaza de Mayo to Morón, outside the city limits.

'''Rizla liquorice cigarette paper''' 
93; [http://www.rizla.co.uk/ Rizla Website]

'''Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugène (1805-1871)''' 
French magician considered to be the father of modern conjuring. The first magician to use electricity, he also improved the signalling method for the "thought transference" trick. Harry Houdini named himself after Robert-Houdin; "the great conjurer" 675

'''Robin''' 
59; childhood friend recalled by Jessica

'''Robot Blitz''' 
85; German buzz bomb (aka "robot bomb" and "V-1") attack on London

'''Roca, Gen. Julio Argentino''' 
Roca distinguished himself militarily with victories in the "Indian wars" (ending in 1879), opening up the pampas to settlement by whites and turning him into a political hero which he parlayed into his election as president in 1880; "campaign to open the pampas by exterminating the people who live there" 387

'''Rocket''' 
incoming mail, 6; A4, 8, 396, 406, 411, 464; farting buzzbombs, 21; "explode first. . .then you hear them coming in" 23; "slender church steeples" 29 (& 624); "a piece of time neatly snipped out" 48; "a rocket has suddenly struck" 59; V-1 and V-2, 86; "the sounds of V-1 and V-2, one the reverse of the other" 144; premonitions in Psi section, 146; "rocket-mysticism" 154; "between the two points, in the five minutes, it lives an entire life." 209; assembly at Mittelwerke, 304; "Germans [...] who called the rocket Der Phau ["the peacock"], 223; "terrible passage reduced. . .to bourgeois terms" 239; Slothrop's discovery of blueprint, 242; and manhood, 324; "hidden inside the summer Zone, the Rocket is waiting" 359; 5 launching switch positions, 361; cult of A4 (A: "aggregate"), 391; Pökler's dreams of, 399; leading to freedom of outerspace, 400; money v. dreams, 400; Pökler as an extension of, 402; as fat Japanese arrow, 403; A3, 406; growing towards a predestined shape (Schicksal), 416; A5, 416; mapped on to face, 423; A4 test sites moved to Blizna, Poland in '43 - Sarnaki is Ground Zero, 424; problem rockets--"reluctant virgins" 426; 10K pounds sterling, 438; "half bullet, half arrow" 453; charisma of, 464; "the kingly voice of the Aggregate" 470; Rocket Noon, 500; fins=mandala, 563 (illus. 624); "The sand-colored churchtops [...] like rocket fins guiding the streamlined spires" 624; "A4. . .concealed behind an uncrossable wall that separated real pain and terror from summoned deliverer." 666; 673; firing vectors, 706; "Rocket state-cosmology" 726; "Rocket as Torah" 727; "an evil Rocket for the World's suicide" 727; "it comes as the Revealer" 728; Goebbels' "avenger" 747; origin of countdown, 753; See also [http://www.constable.ca/v2.htm V2 Page] - very good; [[S#schwartzgerat|Schwarzgerät]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_rocket V-1 Rocket at Wikipedia] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket V-2 Rocket at Wikipedia]

'''Rocketman (aka Raketemensch, aka Slothrop)''' 
359; a comic book character from the '40s and Tyrone's alter-ego; 366; comic-book dialogue, 371; 376; exists in nongeographical space ("Providence's little pal"), 379; war cry: "Hauptstufe" - "leaps broad highways in a single bound!" 380; "Fickt nicht mit der Raketemensch!" 436; 512; 596; "You poor fucker." 741

'''Rohmer, Sax (c.1883-1959)''' 
Sax Rohmer, aka Arthur Sarsfield Wade, was an internationally popular British writer who created the evil genius Fu Manchu, the Chinese hero-villain of many novels. Dr. Fu Manchu (1913) was the first in the series of which there were several more over the next 45 years, over which time Fu Manchu evolved from an entirely self-serving villain into a dedicated anti-Communist; "great Manichaean saga" 641

'''Rohr''' 
681; German: "tube" or "pipe"; Jehovah's witness who is "Keeper of the Antenna" for Germans to communicate with U-boats

'''Rommel, Erwin (1891-1944)''' 
Aka the "Desert Fox," Rommel is most famous for commanding the Afrika Korps in North Africa in 1941, driving the British out of Libya and into Egypt. Anglo-American forces finally compelled his surrender in Tunisia in 1943. He escaped and commanded German forces in Italy and then in northern France preparing for the Allied invasion of 1944. Seeing the writing on the wall, he begged Hitler to end the war. Although innocent, he was implicated in the July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler and opted for suicide over arrest and a sure conviction; "Old Blood 'n' Guts" handed Rommel's ass to him in the desert" 287

'''Rooney, Mickey''' 
Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule, Jr.; September 23, 1920) is an American film actor and entertainer whose film, television, and stage appearances span nearly his entire lifetime. During his career he has won multiple awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character in a series of 16 films. seen by Slothrop, 382; 438

'''Roosevelt, Eleanor (1882-1962)''' 
The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor was a social-activist first lady during his presidency. After his death, she held various posts in the United Nations; Chiclitz's "Eleanor Roosevelt routine. 'The othuh day, my son Idiot--uh, Eliot--and I, were baking cookies'" 566

'''Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945)''' 
32nd president (Democrat) of the U.S., 1932-45. He started the "New Deal" program in 1933 to combat the Great Depression, which involved abandoning the gold standard, devaluing the dollar, state intervention in the credit market, agricultural price support, and the passage of the Social Security Act (1935) which provided for old-age and unemployment insurance;135; Third Term, 270; "died back in the spring [12 April]" 373; "it seemed he'd just keep getting elected, term after term, forever. But somebody had decided to change that. So he was put to sleep" 374; "a being They assembled, a being They would dismantle" 374; caricature of on Toiletship, 450; "'Mister Swope was ace buddies with old'" 565; "Roosevelt's 'election' in 1932" 581; "Harvard, beholden to all kinds of money old and new, commodity and retail" 581

<div id="rorschach"></div>'''Rorschach Test''' 
The Rorschach inkblots were developed by a Swiss psychiatrist, Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922), in an effort to reduce the time required in psychiatric diagnosis. His test consists of 10 cards, half in color and half in black and white. The subject is shown the 10 blots one at a time, the task being to describe what she sees in the blots or what they remind her of. There are no right or wrong answers; "'a so-called, "projec-tive" test'" 81; See also [[P#paranoia|paranoia/connectedness]]

'''Rosas, Juan Manuel de (1793-1877)''' 
After losing an Argentinian election in 1835, Rosas led a revolt and ruled as dictator, through terror and bloodshed, from 1835 to 1852; "The tyrant Rosas has been dead a century, but his cult flourishes" 264

'''Rose''' 
680; woman around a fire in the "dingy yellow amphitheatre"

'''Roseland Ballroom''' 
63; in Boston--where Slothrop drops his harmonica down the toilet in the men's room while vomiting; 623; 688

<div id="rossini">'''Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio (1792-1868)'''</div>
Italian composer of light comic opera and pleasant, melodious, crowd-pleasing music; "an abbreviated version of ''L'Inutil Precauzione'' (that imaginary opera with which Rosina seeks to delude her guardian in ''The Barber of Seville'')" 204; Rue Rossini, 248, 253, 257; ''William Tell Overture'' 262; overture to ''La Gazza Ladra'', [[Beethoven & Rossini|vs. Beethoven]], 273, 440; his music: "love without payment of any kind" 274; 376; "'The Italian girl is in Algiers, the Barber's in the crockery, the magpie's stealing everything in sight! The World is rushing together. . .'" 440; "Rossini [...] full of light and kindness" 622; "long-suppressed Rossini violin concerto (op. posth.)" 684; "Now I know it's not as keen as old Rossini [snatch of La Gazza Ladra here]" 685

'''Rossokovski''' 
501; left Peenemünde with White Russian Army; 504

'''rösti''' 
258;

<div id="routinization"></div>'''Routinization/ Rationalization of Charisma''' 
concept developed by Max Weber; Führer-principle, 81; "there should be no room for a terrible disease like charisma" 81; "we'll have shown again the stone determinacy [...] of every soul" 86; "Pavlov believed the ideal [...] is the true mechanical explanation" 89; "scrubbed and routinized fingers" 91; "cage his old gods, snare them in words" 99; "that vaguely criminal face on your ID card, its soul snatched by the government camera as the guillotine shutter fell" 134; "another long-routinezed nudge of horn, flip of hoof" 142; "Destiny will betray you, crush your ideals, deliver you into the same detestable Bürgerlichkeit as your father [...] fly from pain to duty, from joy to work, from commitment to neutrality." 162; "death-by- government" 176; "the rationalized power-ritual that will be the coming peace" 177; 201; "well before he loses his innocence and becomes one of them" 205; "There's just no passion at all" 216; "the Rocket's terrible passage reduced. . .to bougeois terms" 239; "dusty Dracularity, the West's ancient curse" 263; of Mittelwerke, 295; 324; 325; N.T.A., 339; writing down ajtys, 357; 416; A4's charisma, 464; routinization of sex, 467-68; "bureaucracy of departure" 470; "verbal, ranked and uniformed" 478; 508; 525; topiary, 535; "when the rages came over him, breaking through from beneath the rationalized look" 579; "the Masons had long, long degenerated into just another businessmen's club" 588; "grim rationalizing of the world" 588; Magician and the magical mandrake root, 625; "vague excitement at break in routine" 651; "You are perverting a great discovery to the uses of commerce" 665; keying waves, 698; Hexes-Stadt (you either become a bureaucrat or choose the world), 718; "the only enterprise is administrating" 718; "'Technique is just a substitute for when you get older'" 718; "The routines go on" 721; "Passageways of routine" 724; "The heroes will go on, kicked upstairs to oversee the development of bright new middle-line personnel" 752; [Attempting to impose order on GR]; See also [[C#control|control]]; [[G#grid|grid]]; [[M#mmpi|MMPI]]; [[N#naming|naming]]; [[#rorschach|Rorschach Test]]; [[Routinization of Charisma]]

'''Rowena''' 
200; one of two ladies with the General playing croquet as Slothrop falls from the tree, draped in a purple sheet

'''Royal Fellow''' 
37; "Royal Fellow-baiting" 171;

'''Rozhdestvenski, Admiral''' 
349-51; in December 1904, "command[ed] a fleet of 42 Russian men-o'-war" into the South African port of Lüderitzbucht" with Tchitcherine's father on board; "1904 was when Admiral Rozhdestvenski sailed his fleet halfway around the world to relieve Port Arthur" 452

'''Rózsavölgyi, Dr. Géza''' 
79; (Hungarian: "of the pink valley" [incorrect?: wiki for 79.18 has "Valley of Roses"); Hungarian; works in ARF wing;aka "Rosie" 80; violently anti-Soviet; "still with the project" 273; at Twelfth House, 632-35; son of Sandor the bulb salesman in Transylvania, 647; 692

'''Rózsavölgyi, Sandor''' 
647; father of Géza, "ace [lightbulb] salesman [...] who covered all the Transylvanian territory"

'''Rücksichtslos''' 
German: "inconsiderate" or "ruthless"); See Toiletship

'''Rudi''' 
155; "La Boheme Student" comrade of Leni's in KPD; 156; 158

'''Rundstedt offensive''' 
52; Gerd von Rundstedt (1875-1953) was one of Adolf Hitler's ablest military leaders in World War II. In 1944, this German field marshal directed the Ardennes offensive (Battle of the Bulge). General Dwight D. Eisenhower called him the ablest of the German generals of World War II. 131

'''RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS''' [thanks to our Russian correspondent, Comrade Alexis B.]

:340: '''lepeshka:''' a bread roll, often made of a blend of rye and wheat flours

:512: '''budka:''' booth (traffic police in Moscow patrol from raised booths that look out over the street, which are called budkas)

:513: '''pogoni:''' the bars on the shoulders of military uniforms from which dangle the stars, tassles, &c. ''' 

{{GR Alpha Nav}}

Pages 72-83

2017-02-20T23:39:45Z

Skaar: /* Page 78 */

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 72==
72.32 '''Was tust du für die Front, für den Sieg? Was has du heute für Deutschland getan?''' 
What are you doing for the front, for the victory? What have you done for Germany today? 
Also see [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/gravitys-rainbow/extra/german.html ThomasPynchon.com] for lots of ''GR'' translations.

Compare this with Roger and Jessica's not-quite-secession from the Home Front (41.20-27).

==Page 73==
73.04 '''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.08 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
74.15 '''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle] Radio speaker grille cloths at the time were often bouclé weaves.

74.21 '''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

74.26 '''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

74.30 '''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

74.33 '''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
75.09 '''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

75.10 '''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[Pages 537-548#Page 545|545.04-05]]

75.31 '''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

75.40 '''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
76.06 '''''dégagé''''' 
Detached, disengaged, unconcerned

76.13 '''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

76.32 '''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

76.34 '''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
77.08 '''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

77.20 '''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

77.21 '''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common usage error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

77.22 '''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

77.23 '''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

77.35-36 '''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
78.05 '''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

78.11 '''pearlies''' 
British slang for "teeth", a shortened form of "pearly whites". The Oxford English Dictionary cites this very passage as one of its examples of the word.

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

78.25 '''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

78.39 '''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

79.25 '''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

79.31-32 '''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme (which brought some of the highest casualties in British military history), the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

Haig was vehemently denounced -- perhaps too facilely -- in the generation after WWI. Even among his defenders, though, "the richness of his wit" was rarely mentioned.

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

More likely Pynchon was referring to Lt. Siegfried Sassoon CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967), a decorated war hero who famously refused to return to combat in 1917 and became one of Britain's best known pacifists and poets. This Sassoon was ordered to undergo mental health treatment by British military authorities who could not understand his change in attitude towards the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon]

79.41 '''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
80.02 '''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

80.11 '''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

80.12 '''''rissolé''''' 
A rissolé is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

80.13 '''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxfeMkzvNQU Video]

80.24 '''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

80.37 '''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

80.40 '''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

81.22 '''MMPI''' 
See 21.03

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Throwster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.26 '''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

82.27 '''The buttery''' 
A buttery was a domestic room in a large medieval house. Along with the pantry, it was generally part of the offices pertaining to the kitchen. Reached from the screens passage at the low end of the Great Hall the buttery was traditionally the place from which the yeoman of the buttery served beer from the wooden butts standing by to those lower members of the household not entitled to drink wine. Candles were also dispensed from the buttery. Even today in Oxford and Cambridge colleges drinks are served from the buttery bar. The buttery generally had a staircase to the beer cellar below. The wine cellars, however, belonged to a different department, that of the yeoman of the cellar and in keeping with the higher value of their contents were often more richly decorated to reflect the higher status of their contents. From the mid-17th century, as it became the custom for servants and their offices to be less conspicuous and sited far from the principal reception rooms, the Great Hall and its neighbouring buttery and pantry lost their original uses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttery_(room)]

82.31 '''Gloucestershire Old Spots''' 
The Gloucestershire Old Spots is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots. It is named after the county of Gloucestershire. The Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is known for its docility, intelligence, and prolificacy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Old_Spots]

82.32 '''buckram books''' 
Buckram is a stiff cloth, made of cotton, and still occasionally linen, which is used to cover and protect books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey]

82.37 '''Salome with the head of John''' 
Salome, the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given). Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's ''Jewish Antiquities'', gives her name and some detail about her family relations... Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the ''dance of the seven veils''), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome]

82.39 '''tessellated''' 
A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation]

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 433-447

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==Page 433==
433.32 '''"Der Feind hoert zu"''' 
Not 'The listening enemy' but 'The enemy is listening', a warning not to speak carelessly.

==Page 435==
435.8 '''George Raft suits''' 
An American film actor identified with portrayals of gangsters in crime melodramas of the 1930s and 1940s. He was also noted for his elegant fashion sense.

[[image:wilmer-gunsel.jpg|thumb|Elisha Cook as Wilmer|100px|right]]435.10 '''gunsels''' 
Both of the meanings supplied by [[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] (a male homosexual and/or a gunslinger) also apply to a likely source for the Pynchon’s use of the word: the character Wilmer in Dashiell Hammett’s ''The Maltese Falcon'' and John Huston’s 1940 film adaptation, with Elisha Cook, Jr. in the role.

435.16 '''veronica''' 
In bullfighting, a matador’s move with his cape similar to the one that Slothrop employs here.

435.20 '''Fickt nicht mit dem Raketemensch''' 
German: 'Don't fuck with the Rocketman'; although this is more of a direct translation of an English phrase than something a German would say.

435.21 '''hiyo Silver''' 
'Hi-yo, Silver, away!'--the tag line from the radio and Tube show [[L#loneranger|''The Lone Ranger'']] delivered at the end of each episode as he rode off into the sunset.

435.29 '''''Saturday Evening Post''''' 
American news magazine especially know for its covers portraying folksy, down-to-earth, mainstream Americans and their lifestyle.

==Page 439==
439.26 '''a nasal hardon here''' 
Trudi’s invasion of Slothrop’s nose is a reversal of male pornographic fantasies of crawling into women’s vaginas, etc. The connections between the nose and penis have a long cultural history, including the novel Tristram Shandy and early works by Freud.

Cf. also, The chapter "In Which Esther Gets a Nose Job" in [http://v.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''V.''].

Also shades of the 1971 porn film, ''The Erotic Adventures of Pinocchio.''

==Page 442==
[[image:muttjeff.gif|thumb|Mutt & Jeff|100px|right]]442.09 '''They are a Mutt and Jeff routine.''' 
Mutt and Jeff were the tall and short friends featured in the earliest daily comic strip, begun in 1907 by Bud Fisher.

442.39-40 '''Irving Berlin medley''' 
[[image:irving-berlin.jpg|thumb|Irving Berlin|70px|left]][[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] has Berlin dying in 1975 [Corrected in 2nd edition], but the composer did not die until September 1989 at the age of 101! The medley includes the two songs cited on page V443: "God Bless America" and "This Is the Army, Mr. Jones." The latter song gave its name to a 1943 film starring future California Senator George Murphy and future California Governor and U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Berlin composed "God Bless America" for a musical in 1917 but dropped it, then revised it for Kate Smith in 1938, who made the song the "unofficial American anthem." It is sung by Smith in This is the Army; in which Berlin himself also sings, "Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning." The film also features the song "I Left My Heart at the Stage Door Canteen." See note at [[Pages 120-136#134|p. 134.27]].

==Page 445==
[[image:carole-lombard.jpg|thumb|Carole Lombard|100px|right]]445.22 '''I’m a Lombard''' 
Although Greta evokes the geographical region, she may also be referring to film star Carole Lombard, the comic actress whose airplane crashed while she was on a war bonds tour during the war. Lombard had glamour as a star, although she is best known for roles in "screwball" comedies like ''Nothing Sacred'' (1937) and ''My Man Godfrey'' (1936) that undercut that image.

445.23 '''Close enough, sweetheart''' 
Slothrop’s hard-boiled reply to Greta echoes the cynicism of film characters like those played by Humphrey Bogart.

==Page 446==
446.18 '''Wannsee''' 
A popular beach, but also the location of the infamous conference on January 20th, 1942, where the strategy of the 'final solution' of the Jewish question was determined.

446 '''Hauptstufe''' 

Hauptstufe is the second stage, the main (haupt)stage (stuffe)of a multistage rocket. In the vanBraun-designed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V#Stages Saturn V] rocket, the second stage S-II consists of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. This stage accelerated the rocket through the upper atmosphere. So, Rocketman's cry of "Hauptstufe!" might be the Rocketman ("Racketenmenschsprache"?) equivalent of Superman's "Up, Up, and Away!"

Being a native speaker of German, I can add that in general, although Pynchon`s German is ususally remarkably keen, at instances he comes up with quite odd translations - so odd, in fact, that I would suppose him to have done it on purpose, to test out and play with his readers' good faith in telling them the truth. Thats what he seems to be doing most of the time anyway.

In A-4 parlance, "Hauptstufe" refers to the fifth and final step in the firing progress for the single-stage rocket. It is preceded by "Vorstufe", in which the steam turbopumps run, LOX and alcohol are ignited but throttled, and the rocket sits on the pad for a few seconds. The burn is observed, visually and instrumentally, to detect anomalies. Up to that point the sequence can be aborted, the motor shut off, the rocket should survive and be largely serviceable. Hauptstufe is final. Throttles are fully opened, the rocket takes off and hopefully clears the launchpad. If it does not and falls down, a fireball is inevitable and warhead explosion is also possible.

==Page 447==
'''dog show...stud service''' 
In Betty Freidan's best-selling feminist tract of the 1960s, ''The Feminine Mystique'' she mentions some bored, deeply unfufilled suburban wives with no outlet for their full intelligence and creativity, who did IT with their dogs.

Human-animal sexual encounters also happen in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day''].

Notice in this dream of Slothrop's, the key colors are violet and green. Colors heavily associated with certain 'emancipated' suffragettes in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day''].

{{GR PbP}}

Pages 72-83

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Skaar: Fix link

{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 72==
72.32 '''Was tust du für die Front, für den Sieg? Was has du heute für Deutschland getan?''' 
What are you doing for the front, for the victory? What have you done for Germany today? 
Also see [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/gravitys-rainbow/extra/german.html ThomasPynchon.com] for lots of ''GR'' translations.

Compare this with Roger and Jessica's not-quite-secession from the Home Front (41.20-27).

==Page 73==
73.04 '''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.08 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
74.15 '''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle] Radio speaker grille cloths at the time were often bouclé weaves.

74.21 '''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

74.26 '''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

74.30 '''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

74.33 '''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
75.09 '''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

75.10 '''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[Pages 537-548#Page 545|545.04-05]]

75.31 '''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

75.40 '''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
76.06 '''''dégagé''''' 
Detached, disengaged, unconcerned

76.13 '''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

76.32 '''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

76.34 '''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
77.08 '''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

77.20 '''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

77.21 '''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common usage error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

77.22 '''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

77.23 '''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

77.35-36 '''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
78.05 '''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

78.11 '''pearlies''' 
British slang for "teeth", a shortened form of "pearly whites". The Oxford English Dictionary cites this very passage as one of its examples of the word.

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

78.25'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

78.39 '''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

79.25 '''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

79.31-32 '''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme (which brought some of the highest casualties in British military history), the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

Haig was vehemently denounced -- perhaps too facilely -- in the generation after WWI. Even among his defenders, though, "the richness of his wit" was rarely mentioned.

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

More likely Pynchon was referring to Lt. Siegfried Sassoon CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967), a decorated war hero who famously refused to return to combat in 1917 and became one of Britain's best known pacifists and poets. This Sassoon was ordered to undergo mental health treatment by British military authorities who could not understand his change in attitude towards the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon]

79.41 '''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
80.02 '''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

80.11 '''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

80.12 '''''rissolé''''' 
A rissolé is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

80.13 '''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxfeMkzvNQU Video]

80.24 '''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

80.37 '''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

80.40 '''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

81.22 '''MMPI''' 
See 21.03

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Throwster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.26 '''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

82.27 '''The buttery''' 
A buttery was a domestic room in a large medieval house. Along with the pantry, it was generally part of the offices pertaining to the kitchen. Reached from the screens passage at the low end of the Great Hall the buttery was traditionally the place from which the yeoman of the buttery served beer from the wooden butts standing by to those lower members of the household not entitled to drink wine. Candles were also dispensed from the buttery. Even today in Oxford and Cambridge colleges drinks are served from the buttery bar. The buttery generally had a staircase to the beer cellar below. The wine cellars, however, belonged to a different department, that of the yeoman of the cellar and in keeping with the higher value of their contents were often more richly decorated to reflect the higher status of their contents. From the mid-17th century, as it became the custom for servants and their offices to be less conspicuous and sited far from the principal reception rooms, the Great Hall and its neighbouring buttery and pantry lost their original uses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttery_(room)]

82.31 '''Gloucestershire Old Spots''' 
The Gloucestershire Old Spots is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots. It is named after the county of Gloucestershire. The Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is known for its docility, intelligence, and prolificacy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Old_Spots]

82.32 '''buckram books''' 
Buckram is a stiff cloth, made of cotton, and still occasionally linen, which is used to cover and protect books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey]

82.37 '''Salome with the head of John''' 
Salome, the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given). Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's ''Jewish Antiquities'', gives her name and some detail about her family relations... Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the ''dance of the seven veils''), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome]

82.39 '''tessellated''' 
A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation]

{{GR PbP}}

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==Page 71==
[[image:tyrosine.jpg|thumb|100px|Tyrosine Molecule|right]]71.15 '''Kryptosam''' 
Correspondent Matthias Bauer notes that "sam" derives from the German "samen," for "seed." "Krypto," of course, derives from the same word as "cryptography," the study of codes. [[Weisenburger's Companion to Gravity's Rainbow|Weisenburger]] claims that the "tyrosine" from which kryptosam is supposed to derive is "undoubtedly fictional," but it is in fact an amino acid, which can convert to melanin, just as Jamf's note indicates (although it is unclear whether semen will in fact act as the catalytic agent). 

Tyrosine is found in casein, and the name derives from the Greek, ''tyros'' meaning cheese. 

Significant properties of note for Tyrosine: 
- Tyrosine functions as a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol phenol], which Nazi doctors used in injections for rapid executions. Phenols were used extensively at Auschwitz-Birkenau. 
- Tyrosine occurs in proteins that are part of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction signal transduction] process -- a biological processes that converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another -- cell signalling.

The SBB (SIS/MI6 forerunner) allegedly discovered that semen, if not a catalyst, did at least make a good invisible ink.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen#Semen_in_espionage Semen in espionage],
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Smith-Cumming Mansfield Smith Cuming], and
[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-spymaster-who-was-stranger-than-fiction-737707.html Spymaster]

71.32 '''GEHEIME KOMMANDOSACHE''' 
Secret Air Command

71.33 '''... von Bayros or Beardsley.''' 
Marquis Franz von Bayros and Aubrey Beardsley were renowned for their erotic sketches in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Learn more about [http://beardsley.artpassions.net/ Beardsley] and [http://www.all-art.org/er_in_art/07.html von Bayros]

71.36 '''... a De Mille set really...''' 
This is open to skepticism, but I believe he's referring to Cecil B. DeMille, who was famous for his construction of grandiose sets, particularly "The City of the Pharaoh," the largest set in film history.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille Cecil B. Demille] at Wikipedia.

71.39 '''corselette''' 
Type of underwear that combines a bra and a girdle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corselet Wiki]

==Page 72==
72.17 '''nacreous''' 
Nacre or "mother of pearl" coats the inner surface of many seashells. It appears iridescent because the thickness of its microscopic aragonite platelets is close to the wavelength of visible light. This results in constructive and destructive interference of different wavelengths of light, resulting in different colors of light being reflected at different viewing angles. [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nacreous]

72.27 '''...Wuotan and his mad army''' 
Wuotan is the Old High German spelling of Odin; the 'mad army' is mentioned again at [[Pages 72-83#Page 75|75.13]] in German as ''Wütende Heer''. It is interesting that Pynchon chose to translate ''wütende'' as 'mad' rather than, say, 'angry' or 'furious', thus allowing the reader to take 'mad' to mean 'insane'.
On the other hand, the disease rabies is called "Tollwut" in German, so "Wut" may not ring as a totally sane kind of rage. Historians and Nordic legends attributed a behavior called "bärsärkar-gång" (Swedish, same root of the English expression "going beserk") to Odin-worshiping proto-Lombard fighters. Rage, variously tied to willful adrenalin overload, traumatic stress, fly-agaric, or godly intervention, gave them superhuman strength but clouded their judgment and made them dangerous to friend and foe alike.

{{GR PbP}}

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{{GR PbP Text}}

==Page 72==
72.32 '''Was tust du für die Front, für den Sieg? Was has du heute für Deutschland getan?''' 
What are you doing for the front, for the victory? What have you done for Germany today? 
Also see [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/gravitys-rainbow/extra/german.html ThomasPynchon.com] for lots of ''GR'' translations.

Compare this with Roger and Jessica's not-quite-secession from the Home Front (41.20-27).

==Page 73==
73.04 '''ancient Abbey... its roof long ago taken at the manic whim of Henry VIII''' 
The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former members. He was given the authority to do this in England and Wales by the Act of Supremacy, passed by Parliament in 1534, which made him Supreme Head of the Church in England, thus separating England from Papal authority; and by the First Suppression Act (1536) and the Second Suppression Act (1539). Although some monastic foundations dated back to Anglo-Saxon England, the overwhelming majority of the 825 religious communities dissolved by Henry VIII owed their existence to the wave of monastic enthusiasm that had swept England and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries; in consequence of which religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about a third of all parish benefices, and disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income. The dissolution still represents the largest legally enforced transfer of property in English history since the Norman Conquest. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries]

73.08 '''Palladian house''' 
Palladian architecture is a European style derived from the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). His work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

==Page 74==
74.15 '''rust bouclé''' 
Bouclé is a yarn with a length of loops of similar size which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle] Radio speaker grille cloths at the time were often bouclé weaves.

74.21 '''Dawes-era flashes''' 
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan]

74.26 '''SHAEF''' 
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF]

74.30 '''"strategy of truth"''' 
Due to the public skepticism of propaganda due to the heavy handed efforts of the Committee on Public Information in the US during World War I, and the fascist regimes propaganda machinery, the US had adopted a "strategy of truth" whereby they would disseminate information but not try to influence the public directly through propaganda. However, seeing the value and need of propaganda, ways were found to circumvent official policy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_War_Board]

74.33 '''Hereros, ex-colonials from South-West Africa''' 
During the late 19th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in Damaraland, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish farms. In 1883, the merchant Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German colonial rule. The territory became a German colony under the name of German South-West Africa. Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal discrimination against the native population by the white immigrants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros]

==Page 75==
75.09 '''to root out the truffles of truth created, as ancients surmised, during storm, in the instant of lightning blast''' 
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the neo-Sumerians regarding their Amorite enemy's eating habits (Third Dynasty of Ur, 20th century) and later in writings of Theophrastus in the fourth century BC. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many; Plutarch and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth and water in the soil, while Juvenal thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin. Cicero deemed them children of the earth, while Dioscorides thought they were tuberous roots. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle_(fungus)]

75.10 '''American PWD''' 
The Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (PWD/SHAEF) was a joint Anglo-American organisation set-up in World War II tasked with conducting principally 'white' tactical psychological warfare against German troops in North-west Europe during and after D-Day. It was headed by US Brigadier-General Robert A. McClure who had previously commanded the Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB/AFHQ) of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff for Operation Torch. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division]

75.12 '''"Schwarzkommando"''' 
German: literally 'black command'; in this case meaning both 'unit composed of blacks' and 'secret unit'; an alternate meaning of ''schwartz'' is 'secret' or 'illicit' as in 'Secret Service' or 'black market'

75.13 '''"Wütende Heer"''' 
German: 'furious' or 'raging' army; see note at [[Pages 71-72#Page 72|72.27]]

75.30 '''Dr. Porkyevitch''' 
Another suggestion of one of Pynchon’s favorite motifs, the little cartoon hero Porky Pig. See note at [[V545.04-05]]

75.31 '''before the purge trials''' 
The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called ''Yezhovshchina'' (Russian: ежовщина; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge_Trials]

75.40 '''P.W.E.''' 
During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive]

==Page 76==
76.06 '''''dégagé''''' 
Detached, disengaged, unconcerned

76.13 '''Polygon Wood''' 
The Battle of Polygon Wood took place during the 'second phase' of the Battle of Passchendaele/Third Battle of Ypres in World War I. The battle was fought near Ypres, Belgium, in an area named the Polygon Wood after the layout of the area. However, much of the woodland had been under intense shelling during the Battle of Passchendaele, and the area changed hands several times before this battle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood]

76.32 '''F.O. Political Intelligence Department at Fitzmaurice House''' 
The Political Intelligence Department was a department of the British Foreign Office during World War II. Established in 1939, its main function was the production of weekly intelligence summaries. It was headed by Foreign Office diplomatist Rex Leeper. In April 1943, the department was merged with the Royal Institute of International Affairs' Foreign Research and Press Service in Oxford, creating the new Foreign Office Research Department. The 'Political Intelligence Department' name continued to exist until 1946 as a cover for the Political Warfare Executive. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Intelligence_Department_(1939_-_1943)]

76.34 '''OSS''' 
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS was formed in order to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of the United States Armed Forces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services]

'''OWI''' 
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It operated from June 1942 until September 1945. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work. The office also established an overseas branch which launched a large scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWI]

==Page 77==
77.08 '''Chain of Being''' 
The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, literally "ladder or stair-way of nature"), is a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_being]

Chain of Being is a major motif in ''Mason & Dixon''.

77.10 '''... Ypres salient...wastage of only 70% of his unit.''' 
The Ypres Salient is the area around Ypres in Belgium which was the scene of some of the most protracted and grueling trench warfare during World War I. Success was measured in feet and yards as tiny bits of land were captured, lost and recaptured throughout the war. Unit casualty rates were often extremely high. 70% wastage for 40 yards is, at most, only a slight exaggeration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient]

77.20 '''Flanders''' 
Flanders Fields is the generic name of the World War I battlefields in the medieval County of Flanders. At the time of World War I, the county no longer existed but corresponded approximately to the Belgian provinces East Flanders and West Flanders and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The name is particularly associated with the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele, and the Somme. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Fields]

77.21 '''entitled ''Things That Can Happen In European Politics''''' 
Here, surprisingly, Pynchon makes a common usage error. Should be ''titled''. A book is ''titled'' something; someone is ''entitled'' to their opinion.

77.22 '''Bereshith, as it were...''' 
Bereishit is a Hebrew word, which is the first word of the Torah (the first five books of the Tanach, or Hebrew Bible). It may be translated as the phrase "In the beginning of". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit]

77.23 '''Ramsay MacDonald''' 
James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British Labour politician who rose from humble origins to serve two separate terms as the first ever British Labour Prime Minister. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald]

77.35-36 '''Couéists''' 
Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (February 26, 1857 – July 2, 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9]

'''Ouspenskians''' 
See page [[Pages 29-37#Page 30|30]].

'''Skinnerites''' 
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner]

'''Dale Carnegie zealots''' 
Dale Breckenridge Carnegie (November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer, lecturer, and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of ''How to Win Friends and Influence People'' (1936), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote ''How to Stop Worrying and Start Living'' (1948), ''Lincoln the Unknown'' (1932), and several other books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carnegie]

==Page 78==
78.05 '''Subalterns''' 
A subaltern is a chiefly British military term for a junior officer. Literally meaning "subordinate," subaltern is used to describe commissioned officers below the rank of captain and generally comprises the various grades of lieutenant. In the British Army the senior subaltern rank was captain-lieutenant, obsolete since the 18th century. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern]

78.11 '''pearlies''' 
British slang for "teeth", a shortened form of "pearly whites". The Oxford English Dictionary cites this very passage as one of its examples of the word.

[[image:asquith.jpg|thumb|100px|Lady Asquith by Beaton|right]]78.12 '''Cecil Beaton’s photograph of Margot Asquith''' 
Another example of the Turning Head motif.

78.25'''bedlamites''' 
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. It has been variously known as St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam... The word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from its name. Although the hospital is now at the forefront of humane psychiatric treatment, for much of its history it was notorious for cruelty and inhumane treatment – the epitome of what the term "madhouse" or "insane asylum" might connote to the modern reader. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital]

78.39 '''"equivalent" phase, the first of the transmarginal phases...''' 
In psychology, Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli. Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system." Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorders. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives.

There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached.

1.equivalent phase: when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. 
2.paradoxical phase: associated with quantity reversal, occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. 
3.ultra-paradoxical: the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition]

==Page 79==

79.13 '''Webley Silvernail''' 
Webley is the name of the British gun manufacturer. ''The Berkshire Hills'' cites Silvernail House in West Stockbridge as one of the oldest houses in that town (TBH 99).

79.18 '''Geza Rozsavolgyi''' 
The family name means neither "evil valley" as it stands in Weisenburger's Companion, nor "of the pink valley" as it is in the Alphabetical Index but "of the Valley of Roses". In fact, this is a Jewish name, the literal Magyarization of the German name Rosenthal. Geza’s first name also suggests the Hungarian-American psychologist Geza Roheim, who was one of the first to employ psychoanalytic critiques of culture. Rozsavolgyi is the name of a famous Budapest music store founded in 1850, which also published works by Liszt, Bartok and Kodaly, among others.

79.25 '''"The Weekly Briefings"''' 
In this section, Brigadier Pudding sorta brings to mind Reverend Gail Hightower from Faulkner's ''Light In August''.

79.31-32 '''Haig''' 
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, KCIE, ADC, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a British senior officer during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme (which brought some of the highest casualties in British military history), the Third Battle of Ypres and the Hundred Days Offensive which led to the armistice in 1918. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig]

Haig was vehemently denounced -- perhaps too facilely -- in the generation after WWI. Even among his defenders, though, "the richness of his wit" was rarely mentioned.

'''Lieutenant Sassoon's refusal to fight''' 
Sir Philip Albert Gustave David Sassoon, 3rd Baronet, GBE, CMG (4 December 1888 – 3 June 1939), was a British politician, art collector and social host, entertaining many celebrity guests at his homes, Port Lympne, Kent, and Trent Park, Hertfordshire, England... A second lieutenant in the East Kent Yeomanry, Sassoon served as private secretary to Field Marshal Haig during the First World War. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sassoon]

More likely Pynchon was referring to Lt. Siegfried Sassoon CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967), a decorated war hero who famously refused to return to combat in 1917 and became one of Britain's best known pacifists and poets. This Sassoon was ordered to undergo mental health treatment by British military authorities who could not understand his change in attitude towards the war. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon]

79.41 '''Passchendaele horror''' 
The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the major battles of the First World War, taking place between July and November 1917. In a series of operations, Entente troops under British command attacked the Imperial German Army. The battle was fought for control of the village of Passchendaele (modern Passendale) near the town of Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. The objectives of the offensive were 'wearing out the enemy' and 'securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier'. Haig expected three phases, capturing Passchendaele Ridge, moving on Roulers and an amphibious landing combined with an attack along the coast from Nieuport. The offensive also served to distract the German army from the French in the Aisne, who were suffering from widespread mutiny. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele]

==Page 80==
80.02 '''cucurbitaceous improbabilities''' 
The plant family Cucurbitaceae consists of squashes, melons, and gourds, including crops such as cucumber, various squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, and melons (including watermelons). The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics, where those with edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceous]

80.11 '''Toad-in-the-Hole''' 
Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with vegetables and onion gravy. The origin of the name "Toad-in-the-Hole" is often disputed. Many suggestions are that the dish's resemblance to a toad sticking its head out of a hole provides the dish with its somewhat unusual name. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole]

80.12 '''''rissolé''''' 
A rissolé is a small croquette, enclosed in pastry or rolled in breadcrumbs, usually baked or deep fried. It is filled with sweet or savory ingredients, most often minced meat or fish, and is served as an entrée, main course, dessert or side dish. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissole]

80.13 '''samphire''' 
Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), Samphire was named for the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called sea asparagus or sea pickle. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samphire]

80.21-22 '''"Would You Rather Be a Colonel with an Eagle on Your Shoulder, or a Private with a Chicken on Your Knee?"''' 
The World War I song was composed by the team of Sidney Mitchell and Archie Gottlieb in 1918. ('''Note''': This is a correction of my earlier error in attributing the song to the team of Harold Arlen and "Yip" Harburg, who also composed the songs for ''The Wizard of Oz''.)
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxfeMkzvNQU Video]

80.24 '''Electra House''' 
The Electra House, at Moorgate, London, opened in 1902 & was the accommodation for the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies.

80.37 '''V-E Day''' 
Victory in Europe Day commemorates 8 May 1945 (in Commonwealth countries; 7 May 1945), the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of ''military surrender'' was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day]

80.40 '''into a phalanx''' 
Brings to mind the image of God's finger pointing out of a cloud from earlier in the novel.

==Page 81==

81.08 '''terrible disease like charisma''' 
The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly [and popular [[User:MKOHUT|MKOHUT]]] usage by German sociologist Max Weber, in a book first published in 1922. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority. According to Weber, charisma is defined thus: 
"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader." adapted from Wikipedia

81.08 '''rationalization''' 
Rationalization is a key sociological concept [from online Dictionary of Social Science]:RATIONALIZATION This term has two specific meanings in sociology. (1) The concept was developed by German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) who used it in two ways. First, it was the process through which magical, supernatural and religious ideas lose cultural importance in a society and ideas based on science and practical calculation become dominant. For example, in modern societies science has rationalized our understanding of weather patterns. Science explains weather patterns as a result of interaction between physical elements like wind-speed and direction, air and water temperatures, humidity, etc. In some other cultures, weather is thought to express the pleasure or displeasure of gods, or spirits of ancestors. One explanation is rationalized and scientific, the other mysterious and magical. Rationalization also involves the development of forms of social organization devoted to the achievement of precise goals by efficient means. It is this type of rationalization that we see in the development of modern business corporations and of bureaucracy. These are organizations dedicated to the pursuit of defined goals by calculated, systematically administered means. (2) Within symbolic interactionism, rationalization is used more in the everyday sense of the word to refer to providing justifications or excuses for one's actions. See use in ''Against the Day'', page 10 [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25 Against the Day]

81.17 '''The Reverend Paul de la Nuit''' 
A double pun: "Pall [dark and gloomy covering] of the night"; also "Pall de l’ennui [of boredom]."

81.22 '''MMPI''' 
See 21.03

==Page 82==

82.01 '''his most famous compatriot''' 
Rozsavolgyi’s fellow countryman would be, of course, Bela Lugosi in his role as Dracula, whose speech patterns are suggested by Pynchon’s punctuation of Rozsavolgyi’s dialogue.

82.11 '''Dr. Aaron Throwster''' 
Aaron was the brother of and spokesperson for Moses. A throwster is one who makes threads out of silk. The name is fairly common in Britain.

82.26 '''It is a classic "folly"''' 
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs. In the original use of the word, these buildings had no other use, but from the 19th to 20th centuries the term was also applied to highly decorative buildings which had secondary practical functions such as housing, sheltering or business use. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly]

Cf. ''Mason & Dixon'' pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_74:_717-732#Page_722 722]

82.27 '''The buttery''' 
A buttery was a domestic room in a large medieval house. Along with the pantry, it was generally part of the offices pertaining to the kitchen. Reached from the screens passage at the low end of the Great Hall the buttery was traditionally the place from which the yeoman of the buttery served beer from the wooden butts standing by to those lower members of the household not entitled to drink wine. Candles were also dispensed from the buttery. Even today in Oxford and Cambridge colleges drinks are served from the buttery bar. The buttery generally had a staircase to the beer cellar below. The wine cellars, however, belonged to a different department, that of the yeoman of the cellar and in keeping with the higher value of their contents were often more richly decorated to reflect the higher status of their contents. From the mid-17th century, as it became the custom for servants and their offices to be less conspicuous and sited far from the principal reception rooms, the Great Hall and its neighbouring buttery and pantry lost their original uses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttery_(room)]

82.31 '''Gloucestershire Old Spots''' 
The Gloucestershire Old Spots is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots. It is named after the county of Gloucestershire. The Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is known for its docility, intelligence, and prolificacy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Old_Spots]

82.32 '''buckram books''' 
Buckram is a stiff cloth, made of cotton, and still occasionally linen, which is used to cover and protect books. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram]

82.36 '''...Clive and his elephants stomping the French at Plassy...''' 
The Battle of Plassey (Plassy in text), 23 June 1757, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company, lead by Baron Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. Elephants were used to help move infantry pieces. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey]

82.37 '''Salome with the head of John''' 
Salome, the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament (Mark 6:17-29 and Matt 14:3-11, where, however, her name is not given). Another source from Antiquity, Flavius Josephus's ''Jewish Antiquities'', gives her name and some detail about her family relations... Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament (in some later transformations further iconised to the ''dance of the seven veils''), or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome]

82.39 '''tessellated''' 
A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation]

{{GR PbP}}